pituitary gland
also called as Hypohysis; attached to the hypothalamus; have two major portions which are the anterioir(glandular) and the posterior (neural)
hypothalamus
link between the nervous and endocrine system
adenohypophysis
the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; regulated by hypophysial hormones which are releasing and release-inhibition hormones; regulated by negative feedback
hypophyseal portal veins
carries hormones directly from hypothalamus into anterior lobe
neurohypophysis
controlled by neural impulses that travel down neurosecretory neurons; the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Thyroid -stimulating hormone
TSH; stimulates growth of the thyroid gland; stimulates thyroid to secreter thyroid hormone
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
ACTH; stimulates growth of the adrenal cortex and stimulates glucorticoids
Growth Hormone
GH; stimulates the growth of cells and cell division
Folicle-stimulating Hormone
FSH; Gonadotropin, affects sex glands; intiate growth and development of ovarian folicles; stimulates estrogen production and sperm production in the male
Lutenizing hormone
LH; causes ovulatio and stimulates progesterone seretion; stimulates interstitial cells in the testes to secrete testosterone
Prolactin Hormone
PRL; stimulates breast development during pregnancy; stimulates secretionof milk after the delivery of the baby
antidiuretic hormone
ADH; promotes water reabsorption by the kidneys and reduces the volume of water that is excreted in the urine
Oxytocin
OT; stimulates the pregnant uterus to conteract; causes glandular cells of the breast to release milk into ducts
Thyroid Gland
located just below the Larynx; consists of 2 lobes on each side of the trachea and is connected by an anterior isthmus
Isthmus
a contracted anatomical part or passage connecting two larger structure or cavities
Thyroxine and Triidothyroxine
regulates basal Metabolic rate; accelerates growth; stimulates neural activity; controlled by the TSH
Iodine
essential for the formation and function of T4 and T3
Calcitonin
lowers blood calcium concentration; inhibits breakdown of bone; stimulates Ca deposition by osteoblasts in bones; agonistic to parathyroid hormone
parathyroid Glands
located ont he posterior surface of the thyroid glands; secrete PTH( parathyroid hormone)
parathyroid hormone
PTH; the most regulator of Ca levels; disorder can caused hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
adrenal glands
located at the top of each kidney; consists of two portion which are the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
adrenal medulla
regulated by sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system or the "fight or flight"; hormones secreted are the norepinephrine and the epinephrine
Outer zone
secretes mineralcorticoids; Aldosterone
Middle Zone
secretes glucocorticoids; Cortisol(hydrocortisone)
inner Zone
secrete sex hormones; small amounts of male hormones called the Androgen secreted by the adrenal cortex of both sexes
Aldosterone
the most important mineralcorticoid; regulates electrolyte concentration in body fluids; maintain blood volume and blood pressure; actions are to retain Na and excrete K; causes water to be reabsorbedf by osmosis
cortisol
the most important glucocortisoids
androgens
male sex hormones; action for the development of male sex organs and female sex drive
pancreas
elongated organ posterior to the stomach
exocrine
contains ducts; secrete digestive enzymes
glucagon
secreted by alpha cells; increases the blood glucose level by accelerating liver conversion of glycogen to glucose
Insulin
secreted by beta cells; decreases the blood glucose by accelerating the movement of glucose out of the blood into cells
aldosterone
the most important mineralcorticoid; regulates electrolyte concentration in body fluids; maintain blood volume and blood pressure; causes kidney to retain Na and excrete K
glucocortisoids
promote normal metabolism; provides resistance to stress; inhibit inflammation; maintain blood glucose levels
hypoglycemia
due to excessive insulin production causing excessively low blood glucose levels
ovaries
female sex glands; two almond shape organs
corpus luteum
ovarian follicle that secretes hormones
estrogen
primary female sex hormone; secreted by developing ovarian follicles; function for development and maturation of breasts and external genitals, secondary sex characteristics, initiation of menstrual cycle and maintaining uterine lining during pregnancy
progesterone
secreted by an empty follicle after ovulation; functions to prepare uterus for receiving an embryo, maintains pregnancy, and prepares mammary glands for milk production
testes
male sex glands; paired, ovoid organs in scrotum, interstitial cells secrete testosterone
Testosterone
male sex hormone; function to induce sperm production, development and maintain of male sex organs; secondary sex characteristics; and sex drive
thymus
located in the mediastinum; large in infants but gets smaller with age; function as a crucial role in the development of immunity, produces thymosin which aid in lymphocyte maturation
pineal gland
a small gland located between the cerebral hemispheres near the roof of the third ventricle; glandular tissue predominates in children and young adults; becomes fibrous and calcified with age
melatonin
hormone secreted by the pineal gland; inhibits ovarian activity, may help control the onset of puberty, regulates the body's internal clock, may help regulate sleep
ANH
atrial natriuretic hormone; stimulates sodium loss from the kidneys
Leptin
fat-storing cells; controls how full or hungry we feel
placenta
chorionic gonadotropins, estrogen and progesterone; maintains the corpus luteum during pregnancy
hormones
chemical messengers, communicate and regulate homeostatic body functions
non- steroid hormones
protein hormones; usually made of amino acids; not lipid soluble; require 2 messenger which are the nonsteroid hormone and cAMP
cAMP
activates other enzymes that affect cellular activities
prostaglandins
tissue hormones; produced in a tissue and diffuse only a short distance to act on cells in that tissue; influnce inflammation, respiration, blood pressure, gastrointestinal secretions, and reproduction
hormone
chemical signals that affect the behavior of other glands or tissues
endocrine
type of gland that directly secretes into tissue fluids and the blood without ducts
prostaglandins
a group of chemicals that have local effects instead of being released into the blood are known as epidermal growrh factors
eicosanoids
non steriods
steroid hormone
it diffuses into the cell and binds to its receptor protein; the hormone receptor complex binds to DNA; intracellular enzymes made from the DNA, direct cellular changes
the production adn release of hormones is controlled by
other hormones, nervous systema and other chemical substances
what occurs when hormones reach their target cells
the hormone binds to an appropriae receptor in the target cell
in general, sensory input to a portion of the neuroendocrine system causes
release of hormones
hormone molecules are typically transported to the target cells by
the blood stream
most hormone action is regulated by
negative feedback mechanisms
hypothalamus
the master control center; regulates most endocrine functions of the body
posterior gland
also called as the neurohypophysis;
hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system connects the hypothalamus to the
adenohypophysis or the anterior pituitary gland
hormonal communication
when osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus detect dehydration, a signal to the posterior pituitary gland cause the release of ADH(Antidiuretic Hormone)
oxytocin
increases uterine contractions during childbirth; produces milk let-down during nursing; controlled by positive feedback
which of the following hormones will affect another endocrine gland
TSH, ACTH, gonadotropins
thyroid hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary to release
growth hormone
gonadotropic hormone
FSH( Follicle Stimulating Hormone), LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
ACTH
stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce its hormone
prolactin
causes breast development and production of milk
Growth hormone
GH is also known as vasopressin
Thyroxine
Increase metabolic rate and stimulates protein synthesis
TSH
needed for thyroxine production
Iodine
element needed for thyroxine production
calcitonin
produced in the thyroid gland; lowers blood calcium
Parathyroid hormone
low blood calcium lever stimulates the secretion of parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid gland; antagonist to the calcitonin
target organ of parathyroid hormone
bone, kidneys and intestines
adrenal/suprenal glands
located superior to the kidneys
cortex of the adrenal glands produces
Corticosteroids
sympathetic nervous system
associated to the medulla of the adrenal gland
aldosterone
principal minerlocorticoid; helps regulate the levels of the sodium and potassium ions in the blood and body fluids
ACTH
produced by the anterior pituitary gland
medulla of the suprarenal gland produces
epinephrine and norepinephrine; fight or flight response of the sympathetic nervous system
epinephrine
produced by the medula of the adrenal gland
glucocortisoids
promotes the metabolism of fatty acids instead of carbohydrates; breakdown of muscle proteins to amino acids; can lead to an increase in blood glucose level;
cortisol
reduces inflammation, pain, and swelling; may be used to treat arthritis and may suppress the immune system
aldosterone
promote renal reabsorption of water, renal excretion of potassium adn renal absorption of sodium
pancreas
serves both endocrine and exocrine functions
endocrine portion of the pancreas produces
insulin and glucagon
insulin results
in taking up glucose and fat cells making more fat
increasing blood glucose level
stimulate the release of insulin
target cells of glucagon
adipose tissue and liver
glucagon
release is stimulated by the decreasing level of glucose level
male hormone secreted by the testes
testosterone
antagonistic hormones
aldosterone adn atrial natriuretic hormone;
calcitonin and parathyroid hormone; insulin and glucagon