The nervous system works through secretions of _________, whereas the endocrine system works via secretions of _________.
neurotransmitters, hormones
Which of the following endocrine organs are part of the diencephalon?
Hypothalamus, Pineal Gland
Which pair of hormones are antagonists?
Calcitonin and PTH. Also insulin and glucagon.
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid Hormone
Insulin & Glucagon
Pancreas
Steroid Hormones
Adrenal Cortex
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Adrenal medulla
Throxine, thiiodothyronine, and calcitonin
thyroid
TSH, GH
anterior pituitary gland
Melatonin
Pineal gland
Thymosin and thymopoietin
thymus
Stimulus for Glucagon?
Increase of insulin
Stimulus for Calcitonin?
Increase of calcium levels
Stimulus for Parathyroid Hormone?
Decrease of calcium
Tidal volume
Volume of air inspired/expired during normal inspiration/expiration
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Amount of air forcefully expired after expiration of normal tidal volume.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Amount of air inspired forcefully after inspiration of normal tidal volume.
Vital Capacity
Total amount of exchangeable air that moves in and out of the lungs = sum of TV, IRV, and ERV.
Total lung capacity
total mount of exchangeable and nonexchangeable air in the lungs. Equal to TV + ERV + IRV + RV
Which of the following is not a basic physiological process carried out by the respiratory system?
Cellular respiration
According to Boyle's law, as the volume of a container increases, the pressure ________. Conversely, as the volume of a container decreases, the pressure ________?
decreases, increases.
Air moves into the lungs when
intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric pressure.
Passive expiration is achieved by the
elastic recoil of the lungs
Carbon dioxide is transported through the blood primarily as
bicarbonate
Hyperventilation ______ the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled and therefore _____ the blood pH.
increases, increases
Hypoventilation ______ the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled and therefore _____ blood pH.
decreases, decreases
The enzyme that coverts carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid is called?
carbonic anhydrase.
Why does the ventilatory rate increase during exercise?
The metabolic rate and CO2 production increase during exercise, therefore ventilatory rate must increase to remove excess CO2 from the blood.
The cerebral arterial circle
provides alternate routes of blood flow in the brain.
The venous blood of the brain drains into a set of ________ before draining into a vein.
dural sinuses
Which veins drain into the hepatic portal vein?
Splenic, Superior mesenteric vein, inferior mesenteric vein, hepatic veins, gastric veins
Which of the following describes the purpose of the hepatic portal system?
It drains blood from he liver to the inferior vena cava.
From superficial to deep, the layers of the blood vessel wall include the:
tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa
Which of the following correctly describes the role of the smooth muscle cells in the blood vessel wall?
It plays an important role in determining the amount of blood flowing to a tissue, it plays an important role in blood pressure, it controls the diameter of the blood vessel.
Renal artery
Kidneys
Splenic artery
Spleen, pancreas, stomach
Celiac trunk
Supplies upper abdominal organs
Hepatic artery
Liver and stomach
Common carotid artery
Head and neck
What is the purpose of the hepatic portal system?
It allows the liver to process and detoxify nutrient-rich blood from most of the abdominal organs.
Why are valves present in veins?
To ensure blood flows only in one direction.
Coronary Sinus
Largest vein of the coronary circulation
Myocardium
Layer of the heart composed of cardiac muscle tissue.
Parietal pericardium
Outer layer of the serous pericardium
Visceral pericardium
Inner layer of the serous pericardium
S1, mitral & tricuspid, S2, aortic and pulmonary valves.
The first hear sounds is known as ________ and is caused by the closure of the ________. The second heart sounds is known as __________ and is caused by the closure of the ____________.
The process of listening to the heart sonds
auscultation
Bruit
A noise heard in an artery as a result of turbulent blood flow.
Murmur
A noise heard in the heart due to a defective valve.
Tachycardia
An elevated heart rate above 100 beats per minutes.
Rhythm
The pattern and regularity with which the heart beats.
S3 and S4
Extra heart sonds that may signify pathology.
Bradycardia
A decreased heart rate below 60 beats per minute.
Baroreceptor reflex
Reflexive and often dramatic drops in blood pressure and heart rate.
Which of the following determines blood pressure?
cardiac output, peripheral resistance, blood volume.
Systolic pressure, 100-120 mmHg, diastolic, 60-80 mmHg
The _________ is the pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole and averages about ________. The ________ is the pressure in the arteries during ventricular diastole and averages about ________.
The sounds heard in an artery when meausuring blood pressure
sounds of Korotkoff
increase; decrease
The actiosn of the sympathetic nervous system _______ blood pressure, and the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system _________ blood pressure.
The ankle-brachial index compares the
systolic pressure int he arm to the systolic pressure in the ankle.