Growth Hormone (GH)
increases growth, body size; many targets
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
stimulates thyroid gland
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
stimulates adrenal cortex
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
female-stimulates development of ovarian follicles
male-regulates sperm production and maturation
luteinizing hormone (LH)
female-stimulates ovulation; stimulates production of female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
male-stimulates production of male sex hormones (testosterone)
prolactin
female-production of milk by mammary glands
male-may function to maintain male reproductive tract
pars imtermedia
intermediate lobe
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
stimulates melanin production
neurohypophysis
posterior lobe
oxytocin
milk ejection and release
vasopressin (antiduretic hormone or ADH)
increases water reabsorption (kidney)
thyroid
inferior to larynx, 2 lobes with connecting isthmus
thyroxin
increases cellular metabolism
calcitonin
decreases blood calcium levels (1. inhibits osteoclasts; 2. stimulates calcium excretion at the kidney)
parathyroids (4)
embedded in posterior surface of thyroid lobes
parathyroid hormone
increases blood calcium levels (1. stimulates osteoclasts; 2. inhibits calcium excretion at kidney; 3. promotes intestinal absorption of calcium)
Pancreas
organ posterior to stomach; near duodenum
insulin
beta cells; decreases blood sugar levels (by increasing glucose uptake)
glucagon
alpha cells; increases blood sugar levels (by breakdown of stored glycogen in liver)
somatostatin
delta cells; inhibits production and secretion of insulin and glucagon
pancreatic polypeptide
F cells; regulates production of pancreatic digestive enzymes
adrenals (2)
superior pole of kidney
mineralcorticoids
zona glomerulosa; aldosterone; regulates salt and water balance at kidneyy
glucocorticoids
zona fasiculata; cortisol; regulates metabolism, immune/inflammatory processes
sex hormones (zona reticularis)
small amounts of testosterone
epinephrine and norepinephrine
affects smooth muscle, glands, mobilizes energy (1. increases heart rate and blood pressure, 2. glycogen breakdown, 3. pupillary dilation, 4. decreases GI motility)
pineal
near posterior midbrain
melatonin
involved in regulation of sleep/wake cycles, circadian rhythms
estrogen
regulates ovarian cycle; promotes secondary sex characteristics and sex drive
progesterone
regulates ovarian cycle; prepares uterus for pregnancy
inhibin
inhibits FSH secretion
Testosterone
stimulates spermatogenesis, growth and development. promotoes and maintains secondary sex characteristics
renin
involved in regulation of blood pressure
erythropoietin
stimulates red blood cell production by bone marrow
calcitriol
increases blood calcium levels (stimulates calcium and phosphorus absorption at GI tract)
atrial natiuretic peptide (ANP)
decreases blood pressure (1. suppresses release of vasopressin and aldosterone, 2. promotes sodium and water loss at kidney)