Cardio
Refers to the heart
Cardiology
Study of the heart and blood vessels directly associated with it
Vascular
Refers to blood vessels
Cardiovascular
Refers to the entire circulatory system
Function of circulatory system
Maintain blood pressure w/ arteries, veins, and capillaries. Also maintains blood flow to the tissues to supply oxygen and remove waste(C02)
Location of Heart
In thoracic cavity. Oval in shape, Apex lies left of midline at junction of diaphragm and sternum. Mediastium- space b/w lungs where heart lies
Systemic Circulation
Blood flow between heart and body, except lungs. Higher BP system
Pulmonary Circulation
Blood flow between heart and lungs. Lower BP system
Coronary Circulation
Circulation going to the heart and muscle itself
Pericardium
Tissue that form a sac around the heart
Epicardium
Outermost layer of heart
Myocardium
Middle layer of heart, makes up majority of heart mass
Endocardium
Innermost layer of the heart
Venous Blood
Deoxygenated blood, BLUE
Arterial Blood
Oxygenated blood, RED
Vena Cava
largest vein(blue) in the body. Blood enters heart here. Right side of heart
Cranial Vena Cava
Brings blood to heart from head and thoracic limbs
Caudal Vena Cava
Brings blood to the heart from trunk and pelvic limbs
Aorta
Largest artery(red) in body. Blood leaves heart here and goes to peripheral tissues. Has highest blood pressure. Left side of heart
Veins
Blue, Carry blood to the heart. More superficial, lower BP. All have deoxygenated blood EXCEPT pulmonary vein
Venules
Smaller veins
Arteries
Red, Carry blood away from heart. Deeper, higher BP. All have oxygenated blood EXCEPT pulmonary artery
Arterioles
Smaller arteries
Capillaries
Smallest vessels. Exchange of O2 for CO2 in tissues
Pulmonary Artery
delivers deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs.
Pulmonary Vein
delivers oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
Atrium
Plural is Atria. 2 smaller upper chambers, left and right side of heart.
Right Atrium
Receives and holds deoxygenated blood from cranial and caudal vena cava. Holds venous blood destined to be pumped into lungs
Left Atrium
Receives and holds oxygenated blood coming from lungs.
Ventricles
2 larger lower chambers, left and right side of heart. Pumps blood away from heart
Right Ventricle
Pumps deoxygenated blood into low pressure pulmonary circulation
Left Ventricle
Largest of 4 chambers, pumps oxygenated blood into high pressure systemic circulation. 5x more powerful, more muscle
Septum
Partitions(walls) that separate the right and left sides of the heart. One separates left and right atria, other separates right and left ventricles
Heart Valves
Flaps of connective tissue that function to ensure one way blood flow through heart. Open and close because of pressure differences on each side. Higher pressure behind valve- flaps blown open. Higher pressure in front of valve- flap stays shut
Atrioventricular Valves
(AV Valve)Separate Atria from ventricles to allow blood flow b/w upper and lower chambers. Two types: Tricuspid and Mitral
Tricuspid Valve
Separates right atrium and right ventricle, AV valve
Mitral Valve
Separates left atrium and left ventricle, AV Valve
Chordae Tendonae
Thread like cords of fibrous tissue, ensures AV valves do not turn inside out or backwards into atria. Tense up to keep the valves closed so blood can exit ventricles
Semilunar Valves
(SL Valves)Separates ventricles from major arteries where blood flows out the heart. No chordae Tendonae, pressure is not as strong as AV valves so none is needed.Two types: Pulmonary and Aortic
Pulmonary Valve
Separates right ventricle from pulmonary artery.Prevents blood from flowing backwards into right ventricle. SL Valve
Aortic Valve
Separates left ventricle from aorta. Prevents blood from flowing backwards into left ventricle.
Coronary Arteries
Supplies heart muscles with oxygenated blood
Coronary Veins
Takes deoxygenated blood away from heart muscles
Depolarization
Contraction of the heart(Lub). Cations flow into heart muscle, generate an electrical current
Repolarization
Relaxation of the heart(Dub). Cations flow out of heart muscle
Systole
First heart sound. Heart is contracting. AV valves close and SL valves open
Diastole
2nd heart sound. Heart relaxes for blood flow. AV valves open
Pulse pressure
Difference between systolic and diastolic pressures. Determines intensity of pulses
Blood Pressure
Force exerted by flowing
Cardiac output is controlled by 2 factors
Heart rate- how often heart contracts. And stroke volume-amount of blood injected with each cardiac cycle
Sinoatrial Node
(SA node) where heartbeat spontaneously originates, located in wall of right atrium
Systole
First heart sound, heart contracts to pump out blood. AV valves close and SL valves open
Diastole
Second heart sound, heart relaxes to allow blood flow. Both AV and SL valves are closed at first, then AV valves open
Pulse Pressure
Difference between Systolic and Diastolic pressure. determines intensity of sensation of pulses
Blood Pressure
Force exerted by blood on vessel walls
Cardiac Output
Controlled by: Heart Rate(how often heart contracts) and Stroke Volume(amount of blood ejected with each cycle)
Sinoatrial Node
SA node, where heartbeat originates, in call of right atrium. ''Pacemaker of the heart''
AV Node
Electrical impulses from SA node travels through AV node
AV Bundle
aka Bundle of His, electrical impulse travels from AV node to AV bundle
Purkinje Fibers
electrical impulse travels from AV Bundle through Purkinje Fibers to Myocardium
Arrhythmia
Abnormal heart rhythm. Normally from diseases, but can be side effect from anesthesia
Congestive Heart Failure
1 or both pumps quit pumping which causes congestion from abnormal fluid accumulation upstream from heart
Pericardial Effusion
Abnormal fluid buildup in pericardial sac, causes signs of Congestive heart failure
Pulmonary Edema
Edema=fluid in tissues. Abnormal fluid buildup in lungs due to heart failure
Valve Disease
Faulty valve function
Inadequate closing and opening of valves
Inadequate closing of valves leads to regurgitation. Usually mitral regurgitation(75% of heart diseases in dogs.) Inadequate opening of valves is Stenosis. Pulmonic stenosis doesnt open enough.
Murmur
A extra or unusual sound heard during a heartbeat that occurs when blood flow inside heart isnt normal. Graded 1-5
Digestive System
Organs that ingest, digest, and absorb food for body
Digestive System physiology
Homeostasis.. utilize nutrients in food to maintain normal health and function
Gastrointestinal Tract
Includes structures of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and anus
Gastro-
Refers to stomach
Enteric-
Refers to intestines
Carnivore
Meat eating animals
Herbivore
Plant eating animals
Omnivore
Meat and plant eating animals
Prehension
Intake of food into mouth
Mechanical
Chewing of food, mastication
Chemical
Involves chemicals and enzymes that further break down food
Absorption
Nutrients and water are absorbed for use by the body
Elimination
Waste products are removed from body
Mouth Function
Take hold of food and initiate mechanical and chemical digestion
Tongue
Skeletal muscle, function is food movement and taste
Salivary Glands
Glands located in and around the mouth that produce saliva for chemical digestion of food
3 pairs of salivary glands
Parotid- below ear canal, caudal to mandible
Mandibular- between left and right halves of the mandible
Lingual- under base of tongue
Palates
Barrier between mouth and nasal cavity
Hard palate
Bony roof of mouth, 2 palantine bones make up caudal portion of hard palate
Soft Palate
flap located immediately caudal to hard palate, rostral part divides the oropharynx and nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Opening of the back of throat where food passes into esophagus
Occlusal Surface
top surface of a tooth
Lingual Surface
Inner surface of lower teeth, faces tongue
Palatal Surface
Inner surface of upper teeth, faces tongue
Labial Surface
Outer surface of front teeth, top and bottom
Buccal Surface
Outer surface of back/side teeth, facing cheek
Mesial Surface
Forward facing surface of a tooth, comes in contact with adjacent tooth(where you would floss)
Deciduous Teeth
Baby teeth in carnivores and omnivores.Erupt at 3 weeks, usually fall out around 3-6 months. Must be removed, can cause overcrowding
Amount of Deciduous teeth
28 in puppies, 26 in kittens
Amount of permanent teeth
42 in dogs, 30 in cats
Location of eruption of permanent canine teeth
Permanent upper canines erupt mesial to deciduous canine teeth.
Permanent lower canines erupt lingual to deciduous canine teeth.
Permanent incisors erupt distal to deciduous incisors
Incisor
Teeth at front of mouth- for grasping and tearing
Canines
Located caudal to incisors, used for ripping and tearing, holds tongue in mouth. Deepest root of all teeth
Premolars
Located caudal to canines, used for chewing. Last premolar in upper jaw is Carnassial Tooth
Molars
Located caudal to the premolars, used for grinding
Horse and cattle teeth
Teeth erupt constantly throughout life. Horse teeth are ''floated''- filing affected tooth with rasp. Cattle have no upper incisors or canines. Cattle/goats have huge premolars and molars laterally and dental pad that helps break up grassy materials
Rodent teeth
Have incisors that erupt constantly throughout life. Poorly aligned incisors that dont wear down and require trimming
Dental Formula
I for Incisors, C for Canines, P for Premolars, M for Molars
Canine Puppy Dental Formula
i3/3, c1/1, p3/3
Canine Adult Dental Formula
I3/3, C1/1, P4/4 M2/3
Feline Kitten Dental Formula
i3/3, c1/1, p3/2
Feline Adult Dental Formula
I3/3, C1/1, P3/2, M1/1
Crown
Exposed part of tooth
Root
Unexposed part of tooth, attachment site to jaw bone
Furcation
Space between 2 roots
Apical
Apex of tooth, toward root
3 layers of tooth
Enamel, Dentin, Pulp
Enamel
hard outer covering of tooth. covers only the crown. toughest tissue in body
Dentin
Surrounds and protects nerve and blood supply of tooth. Harder than bone
Pulp
Blood and nerve supply to the tooth, most inferior part of tooth
Gingiva
Epithelial tissue, between crown and root. Gumline
Gingival Sulcus
Area under gumline between crown and root. Depth pocket is normally 1mm in cats and 3mm in dogs
Periodontal Membrane
Ligament, located around root of tooth. Attaches to jawbone.
Alveolar Bone
Jawbone surrounding root of tooth
Cementum
Bonding material between periodontal membrane and bone
Oligodontia
Fewer teeth than normal
Polyodontia
More teeth than normal
Gemini
Tooth with one root but two crowns
Malocclusions
Abnormalities in the bite. normal is referred to as scissor bite. Brachygnathism-overbite. Prognathism- undershot jaw
Plaque
Bacteria and saliva that form a sticky matrix on the tooth.
Calculus
Tarter, calcified plaque that has hardened and adheres tightly to enamel. Required professional cleaning to remove. common in schnauzers, poodles, dachshunds. Plaque turns to tarter within 7 days
Caries
Decalcification of the mineral components of the teeth. Usually called cavity. Look like small hole in enamel that s brownish or reddish
Periodontal Disease
4 stages: Gingivitis, Periodontitis early, Periodontitis moderate, Periodontitis advanced
Gingivitis
Inflammation of gingiva. Start of Periodontitis disease, caused from progression of plaque and tarter
Periodontitis stage 2-4
Stage 2- Inflammation. Stage 3- Infection, bleeding. Stage 4- Destruction, pus and bad breath
Tooth Root Abscess
Infection at root of tooth followed by infiltration into bone. Facial swelling. Teeth primarily affected are M1(lower arcade) and PM4(upper arcade). Treatment is extraction
Prevention of tarter formation
Dry food, regular brushing, routine dental exams, ultrasonic scaling, polishing
Esophagus
Muscular tube. leads from oral cavity to stomach
Peristalsis
Involuntary contraction and relaxation of the muscles that line digestive system organs. Moves food through digestive tract
Cardiac Sphincter
Smooth muscle sphincter around entrance of esophagus into stomach
Stomach
Site for mechanical and chemical digestion of food. 2 types of stomachs: Monogastric and Ruminant
Monogastric
Animals whose GI tract contains a single, true stomach.
Regions of monogastric stomach
Cardia, Fundus, Body, Antrum, Pylorus
Cardia
Area that surrounds opening from esophagus to the stomach
Fundus
Section that forms an expandable pouch that expands as food is swallowed
Body of monogastric stomach
Known as the ''middle'' of the stomach. also expandable
Antrum
Part of stomach that grinds up food and regulates digestive acid(produced by fundus and body)
Pylorus
Muscular sphincter, regulates the movement of food from the stomach into small intestine
Ruminant Stomach
''pre-stomach'' for animals with herbivore diet. Cattle, sheep, and goats.
Rumination
Process that facilitates mechanical breakdown of tough plant materials through multiple chewing cycles
Process of Rumination
Regurgitating- swallow food, bring it back up esophagus to mouth. Re-chewing- chewing the cud. Re-Swallowing. happens twice a minute.
Regions of Ruminant Stomach
Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum
Rumen
Large fermentation section of prestomach, breaks down plant materials
Reticulum
Small, cranial compartment of the prestomach. honeycomb appearance, serves to increase absorption surface area
Omasum
Section of prestomach that further breaks down food and absorbs water
Abomasum
considered the ''true stomach''. secretes acids, mixes and contracts, and moves food into small intestine
Small Intestine
Part of digestive tract that functions as primary site for nutrient absorption in monogastric species. movement is slower= more time for nutrient absorption . smaller in horses
Segments of small intestine
Duodenum- first segment. Partially digested food enters from stomach. Jejunum-second and longest segment. Ileum- most posterior of segments, empties into cecum
Large Intestine
Part of digestive tract that recovers fluid and electrolytes. stores feces until eliminated. Larger in horses.
Ileocecal Sphincter
Circular muscle that separates ileum and cecum
Segments of large intestine
Cecum, Colon, Rectum, Anus
Cecum
First segment, blind pouch located at ileocecal junction. Not sure of function
Colon
Last and largest segment, absorbs water and electrolytes. Divided into 3 areas: Ascending, Transverse, Descending
Rectum
extension of the colon.. not a segment. Composed of internal/external sphincters that controls passages of fecal material
Anus
Exit site of rectum. internal/external sphincter muscles that respond to stretch receptors depending on fecal volume
Lumen
Middle of hollow organ
Mucosa
Innermost layer of intestinal tract. Has glands that secrete into lumen of GI tract
Serosa
Outermost layer of intestinal tract
Villi
Fingerlike projections on internal surface of small intestine, increase surface area for absorption
Microvilli
Bristles of the villi that absorb material
Rugae
Folds on inner lining of stomach
Mesentery
supportive connective tissue, secures organs to dorsal body wall
Omentum
Mesentery that connects stomach to abdominal wall
Peritoneum
Thin membrane in abdominal cavity that covers abdominal organs, lines abdominal cavity
Liver
Largest internal organ in body. Posterior to diaphragm, made up of 6 lobes. Filters material from GI tract before they reach systemic circulation. Produces bile acid(for fat digestion) and Albumin(for fluid balance in blood)
Hepatic
Refers to the liver
Hepatic Portal System
Blood vessels that carry blood from capillaries in intestine to the liver
Gall Bladder
Stores bile. Located between liver lobes
Pancreas
Structure with both endocrine and exocrine functions. Located along curve of stomach along duodenum. Produces and secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate
Pancreas as endocrine and exocrine gland
Endocrine- secretes substances directly into blood stream. Exocrine- secretes substances via ducts.
Ducts of Pancreas
empty into duodenum. Common Bile Duct- comes from gallbladder, empties bile acids into duodenum. Pancreatic Duct- comes from pancreas, secretes digestive enzymes into duodenum
Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach
Enteritis
Inflammation of intestines
Gastroenteritis
Inflammation of stomach and intestines
Peritonitis
Inflammation of Peritoneum
Colitis
Inflammation of colon
Hepatitis
Inflammation of liver
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of pancreas
Ascites
Abnormal fluid accumulation in abdomen
FDA
Food and Drug Administration, federal agency responsible for oversight of pet food and pet food labels
AAFCO
Association of American Feed Control Officials, develops laws, regulations, standards and policies for regulating manufacture and sales of animal feed
Cat Nutrition
Cats cant make the amino acid Taurine.. so they get it from the food they eat
Nutrients
A substance ingested to support life
Kilocalories
aka calories, amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a kilogram of water 1 degree
Lacking Nutrients
All animals have a certain nutrient that it cannot manufacture from the building blocks cells.. therefore it must obtain it from the food it eats.
Macronutrients
Large organic molecules that give structure and energy to the animals body. Needs digestion before absorption, energy producing nutrients.. calories
Micronutrients
Smaller molecules that are required for metabolism and homeostasis. No digestion needed before absorption, non energy producing nutrients.. vitamins, minerals, water
3 categories of Macronutrients
Carbohydrates(simple sugars), Fats and Lipids, and Proteins
3 categories of Micronutrients
Vitamins, minerals, water
Carbohydrates
Source is primarily from plants. Function is to provide short term cell energy. Storage is excess glucose is stored as glycogen. types of carbs: starches, fiber
Fats and Lipids
Fat source is from animals. Oil source is from plants. Function is to provide long term cell energy.. fats broken down into fatty acid and glycerol, which are important to kidney and reproductive function. Storage in the body is fat. types of lipids: fats and oils
Proteins
Source is mostly from animals, some are from plants.Function is for growth of animal as well as repair and maintain cell. Storage is in lean muscle and fat. types of proteins: structural proteins(provide structure) and working proteins(hormones, enzymes)
Vitamins
Organic molecules, vital to life. Types of vitamins: Fat soluble(A, D, E, K) and Water soluble(B, C) too much fat soluble is a concern
Minerals
Naturally occuring inorganic substances(chemical elements). attach to proteins to be absorbed. types: Macrominerals- need large amount, they harden teeth and form bone. Microminerals- need small amount, ex is Iodine
Water
Largest and heaviest component in body. most important. essential to every chemical reaction
Supplements
Any food ingredient that provides health benefits beyond basic 6 groups. Probiotics- live bacterial supplements, treats digestive disorders. Prebiotics- nourish the good bacteria, if animal is not eating much
Guaranteed Analysis
part of pet label that lists minimal amount of protein and fat, and max amount of water and fiber
Dry Matter
amount of a given ingredient that is actually present in pet food