P wave
atrial depolarization
QRS complex
Signals onset of ventricular contraction
T wave
Ventricular depolarization
P-R interval
Time needed for atria to contract and ventricles to begin to contract
Q-T interval
Time needed for ventricle to contract and relax
What is it about a cell that identifies it as a target cell for a hormone
the presence of a receptor specific for that hormone
Which chemical class of hormone is more likely to need a binding protein for transport in the blood?
Lipid-soluble
Which pattern of hormone secretion, exemplified by thyroid hormones, remains relatively constant over long periods of time?
chronic hormone secretion
Hormonal secretion can be regulated by
the action of a substance other than a hormone, the nervous system, and other hormones (ALL THE ABOVE)
The role of cAMP when it acts as an intracellular mediator in cells is to
bind to and activate protein kinase.
up-regulation
produces an increase in the sensitivity of the target cell to the hormone.
The posterior pituitary
has a direct connection with neurons of the hypothalamus.
The hypothalamohypophysial portal system carries hormones from the
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
Oxytocin release is stimulated by
nursing a baby
Chronic hypersecretion of growth hormone as a child would result in
gigantism
Which of the following is NOT an action of parathyroid hormone?
Decreases the release of phosphate from bone.
An injection of epinephrine would
increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, and decrease gastric tract motility.
All leukocytes arise from
hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
The only formed elements that possess a nucleus when mature are the
leukocytes
An increase in hemoglobin increases
the ability of the blood to carry oxygen to various tissues.
Which blood component is NOT correctly matched with its function?
platelets - phagocytize bacteria
When the antigens on erythrocytes bind with antibodies in the plasma
agglutination of erythrocytes occurs.
A person with type O blood should receive a blood transfusion from a donor with
Type O blood
The function of pericardial fluid is to
reduce friction between the pericardial membranes
Blood in the superior vena cava will enter the _____.
right atrium
Which of the following is a function of the heart skeleton?
Provides electrical insulation between atria and ventricles, supplies support and reinforcement for the valves, provides a rigid site for cardiac muscle attachment (ALL THE ABOVE)
The long refractory period observed in cardiac muscle
prevents tetanic contractions of the cardiac muscle.
Which cardiac arrhythmia will have no QRS complex as a symptom?
Ventricular fibrillation
During the cardiac cycle,
The two atria relax while the two ventricles contract
What is the order of the blood vessels that a red blood cell would pass through as the blood leaves the heart, travels to a tissue, and then returns to the heart?
artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein
Which of the following enhances the exchange between capillary walls and the interstitial spaces?
the thinness of the capillary wall
Which of the following organs would be most likely to contain fenestrated capillaries
kidney
precapillary sphincters
control the blood flow into capillary beds.
Arteries can constrict or dilate as needed because of the smooth muscle found in the
tunica media
Atherosclerosis
deposition of plaque in arterial walls
Blood pressure is the
Measure of force blood exerts again blood vessel walls
In capillary exchange, which of the following statements is true?
Most fluid that leaves the arterial end of a capillary reenters the venous end of a capillary.
Which of the following would lead to relaxation of the precapillary sphincter?
decreased oxygen levels in tissue cells served by the capillary
Which of the following events would cause a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure?
release of atrial natriuretic factor
When there is a drop in blood pressure, the body reacts immediately by way of the
baroreceptor mechanism
Increased pressure in the aortic arch will activate the aortic arch reflex and cause
increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart
Which of the following is NOT involved in short-term regulation of blood pressure?
alteration in blood volume
Which of the following would occur as a result of increased renin release by the kidneys?
an increase in blood volume
atrial natriuretic hormone
Is released in response to elevated atrial pressure
The lymphatic system plays a role in maintaining fluid balance within the body by
returning interstitial fluid to the blood
The lymphatic system differs from the cardiovascular system in that
the lymphatic system only carries fluid away from tissues.
The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the
right arm, right chest, and right side of head
Tonsils
provide protection against bacteria entering the oral and nasal cavities
Bacteria and debris are actively removed from the lymph by _____ in the sinuses of lymph nodes.
macrophages
When inmate immunity is activated,
Each exposure produces the same response
Which of the following is true of adaptive immunity?
The second response is faster and stronger than the first response.
Which of the following would be classified as an innate physical barrier?
washing action of tears and saliva
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of complement action?
produces cytokines
A protein that helps to protect the body against viral infections is
interferon
A patients blood analyses indicated an increase in the number of eosinophils. Which of the following is the most likely cause?
Parasitic worm infection
The redness and heat seen in an inflamed area are the result of
increased blood flow to the area
adaptive immunity is stimulated by
antigens
The effects of cell-mediated immunity are the result of activities of
Cytotoxic T cells
The thymus is where ____ mature and become functional immune cells.
pre-T cells
Ventilation refers to the
movement of air into and out of the lungs
Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?
Taste
During swallowing, the opening of the larynx is covered by the
epiglottis
Which type of alveolar cells produce surfactant?
Type II pneumocytes
When the inspiratory muscles contract,
thoracic volume increases
During expiration, the alveolar pressure must be
greater than atmospheric pressure
Which law explains that an increase in volume causes a decrease in pressure?
Boyle's Law
Marcus exhales normally; then, using forced expiration, he exhales as much air as possible. The volume of air still remaining in his lungs is called ____.
Residual volume
Which of the following increases the rate of gas exchange across the respiratory membrane?
increased surface area of the respiratory membrane
Oxygen diffusion from the alveolus to the pulmonary capillary occurs because
alveolar PO2 is greater than capillary PO2.
Which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive tract?
liver
Which of the following is NOT a type of propulsion in the digestive tract?
segmental contraction
Which of following is NOT a function of the small intestine?
mastication of food
Which of the following is correctly matched?
muscularis - responsible for peristalsis
Secretions that are added as food moves through the GI tract assist in
liquefying and digesting the food.
The tongue
Plays a major role in swallowing
Which of the following are secreted by the stomach?
pepsinogen and intrinsic factor
The villi, microvilli, and plicae circularis function to
increase surface area for absorption
Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur?
The jejunum and duodenum
The defection reflex
Is stimulated by the distention of the rectum
The kidney functions in
excretion of metabolic wastes
The structural and functional units of the kidney are called _____.
nephrons
An obstruction in the afferent arteriole would reduce the flow of blood into the _____.
Glomerulus
The urinary bladder
stores urine until it is voided.
Urine formation involves
filtration of the plasma, reabsorption from the filtrate, and the secretion into the filtrate. (ALL THE ABOVE)
Formation of filtrate depends on a _____ gradient
Pressure
Which of the following events would increase filtration pressure?
constriction of the efferent arteriole
The proximal convoluted tubule is
the site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption.
The collecting duct becomes more permeable to water when
ADH production increases
Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion differ in that
tubular secretion adds materials to the filtrate; tubular reabsorption removes materials from the filtrate.