identify the large, longitudinal folds of the empty stomach
rugae
what smooth muscle sphincter controls the release of chyme from the stomach
pyloric sphincter
which portions of the pharynx are considered part of the digestive system and what type of epithelium lines these regions
oropharynx and laryngopharynx lined with stratified squamous epithelium
indicate which of the following digestive processes occurs in that organ: mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, or none
oral cavity
mechanical and chemical
indicate which of the following digestive processes occurs in that organ: mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, or none
esophagus
none
indicate which of the following digestive processes occurs in that organ: mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, or none
stomach
mechanical and chemical
indicate which of the following digestive processes occurs in that organ: mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, or none
small intestine
chemical and absorption
indicate which of the following digestive processes occurs in that organ: mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, or none
large intestine
absorption
indicate which of the following digestive processes occurs in that organ: mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, or none
liver
none
within which organ does the majority of absorption occur
small intestine
which of the accessory digestive organs has the primary role of processing absorbed nutrients
liver
lipids are too large for blood capillaries of the alimentary canal to pick up and directly transport. what structures of the lymphatic system absorb lipids
lacteals
the large intestine ends at the anal canal where there are two sphincters. identify the different sphincters. what type of tissues makes up each of the sphincters and are they under voluntary or involuntary control
internal anal sphincter: involuntary and thickened circular layer of muscular externa (smooth muscle)
external anal sphincter: voluntary and skeletal muscle
what organ does the lumen of the appendix open into
large intestine
if inflammation occurs, what happens to the connection between the appendix and the above organ
the opening becomes blocked; a condition known as appendicitis
if the body cannot fight off the infection, the inflammation could result in a burst appendix. if the appendix bursts, what is the danger to the individual
internal bleeding and spillage of bacteria filled fecal matter into the peritoneal cavity leading to peritonitis. the combination can be fatal
into which specific organ does the stomach empty
duodenum of the small intestine
which mesentery attaches to the greater curvature of the stomach
greater omentum
indicate whether they are part of the alimentary canal or whether they are an accessory digestive organ, or neither
pancreas
accessory digestive organ
indicate whether they are part of the alimentary canal or whether they are an accessory digestive organ, or neither
stomach
alimentary canal
indicate whether they are part of the alimentary canal or whether they are an accessory digestive organ, or neither
cecum
alimentary canal
indicate whether they are part of the alimentary canal or whether they are an accessory digestive organ, or neither
spleen
none
indicate whether they are part of the alimentary canal or whether they are an accessory digestive organ, or neither
liver
accessory digestive organ
indicate whether they are part of the alimentary canal or whether they are an accessory digestive organ, or neither
gallbladder
accessory digestive organ
indicate whether they are part of the alimentary canal or whether they are an accessory digestive organ, or neither
esophagus
alimentary canal
what is the function of the main pancreatic duct and where does it empty
secrete pancreatic juice which aids in digestion and empties into the duodenum
what are the taeniae coli of the large intestine and which anatomical feature of the large intestine do they form
layer of the large intestine gathered into three bands or ribbons of muscle which form the haustra
which organ of the alimentary canal has a muscularis externa that contains skeletal muscle
esophagus (pharynx also consists of skeletal muscle)
what cells produce bile and where are these cells located
hepatocytes of the liver
where is bile stored
gallbladder
what is the digestive function of bile
digestion and absorption of fat soluble lipids and excretion of waste that the kidney cannot excrete
into which organ of the alimentary canal is bile ejected
small intestine
the small intestine has three major adaptations that combine to drastically increase the overall surface area. name them.
circular folds, villi and microvilli
the muscularis externa is typically composed of two smooth muscle layers. name them.
circular and longitudinal
the muscularis externa layer of the stomach has a third smooth muscle layer. identify this third layer
oblique
indicate the type of epithelium lining the lumen of each of the following organs
oral cavity
stratified squamous
indicate the type of epithelium lining the lumen of each of the following organs
esophagus
stratified squamous
indicate the type of epithelium lining the lumen of each of the following organs
stomach
simple columnar
indicate the type of epithelium lining the lumen of each of the following organs
small intestine
simple columnar
indicate the type of epithelium lining the lumen of each of the following organs
large intestine
simple columnar
what structures make up a portal triad of a liver lobule
hepatic arteriole, hepatic portal venule and bile duct
what is the function of goblet cells
secrete mucus
which structure of a portal triad transports oxygen-rich blood
hepatic artery
which structure of a portal triad transports nutrient rich, oxygen-poor blood
hepatic portal vein
chief cells
secrete pepsinogen which, when converted to pepsin, breaks down proteins
parietal cells
secrete HCl which converts pepsinogen into pepsin
hepatocytes
store sugar as glycogen
Peyer's patches
lymphoid tissue that combats pathogens trying to enter through intestinal wall
duodenal glands
produce alkaline mucus to neutralize chyme
serous acinus
secrete enzymes into saliva
intestinal crypts
secrete intestinal juice
given that peptic ulcers tend to occur in organs that are transporting acidic contents, which organs would you predict to be most prone to peptic ulcers
stomach
peptic ulcers can occur in the esophagus. how might this happen, and is the esophagus set up to handle acidic contents
layer of mucus wears away/erosion from stomach acid moving upward, caused by infection; not equip to handle this
one common cause of peptic ulcers is the use of certain medications that inhibit the secretion of mucus. why might this contribute to the development of ulcers
a decrease in mucus leads to acid eating away at the mucosa and exposing the underlying tissue
another common cause of peptic ulcers is inflammation caused by Helicobacter pylori bacteria, which can colonize the stomach or intestine. typically, these bacteria impact the production of gastrin. what is the function of gastrin, where is it produced, a
gastrin is a hormone secreted by G cells of the gastric glands that triggers acid secretion from parietal cells. if more gastrin is produced than more acid will be produced causing a too highly acidic solution