In which causes of vaginal discharge/vaginitis will the pH be high? In which will the pH be low?
High: BV (Gardnerella), Trichomonas
Low: normal, Candida
What cell wall inhibitor increase the nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides?
Cephalosporin
What might you measure in a thyroidectomy patient w/ post-op perioral tingling?
Calcium level for Post-op Hypoparathyroidism (complication)
What is the most common thyroid cancer?
Papillary carcinoma
Enlarged thyroid cells w/ ground glass nuclei:
Papillary carcinoma
What are the common causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
LEASH" + post-radiation fibrosis:
Loffler's Syndrome, Endocardial fibroelastosis, Amyloidosis, Sarcoidosis, Hemochromatosis
What histological change takes place in the trachea of a smoker?
Columnar --> squameous metaplasia
What kind of receptor is Insulin?
Tyrosine Kinase
Which tissues use GLUT-2 receptors?
Liver, B-cells of pancreas, small intestines, kidney
Which tissues depend on insulin for glucose uptake?
GLUT4: Adipose, skeletal muscles
Which class of antibiotics inhibits prokaryotic DNA topoisomerase?
Fluoroquinolone
What substance inhibits RNA Pol II in eukaryotes, causing liver damage?
a-Amanitin: found in death cap mushrooms
What lab test is used to monitor adequate anticoagulation in a patient taking heparin? In Warfarin?
Heparin: PTT
Warfarin: PT/INR
Absence of HGPRTase
Lesch-Nyhan
Deficiency of Aldolase B
Fructose intolerance
Deficiency of Crystathionine Synthase
Homocystinuria
Deficiency of tyrosinase
Albinism
What pathologic form of RBC would you see in Lead Poisoning?
Basophilic strippling, Ringed sideroblasts
What pathologic form of RBC would you see in G6PD deficiency?
Bite cells
What pathologic form of RBC would you see in DIC?
Schistocyte (damaged RBCs)
What pathologic form of RBC would you see in Abetalipoproteinemia?
Acanthocyte (spiky)
What pathologic form of RBC would you see in Asplenia?
Target cell, Howell-Jolly bodies (basophilic nuclear remnants)
What pathologic form of RBC would you see in Liver disease?
Acanthocyte, Target cell
What pathologic form of RBC would you see in Thalassemia?
Target cell, basophillic strippling
What vitamins should vegetarians supplement in their diet? Why is it important
Vit B12 (Cobalamin): cofactor for homocysteine methyltransferase and methylmalonyl coA mutase
-defiency = megaloblastic anemia, neurologic symptoms
How does hexokinase differ from glucokinase?
Hexokinase: everywhere, Insulin doesn't induce, Low Km & Vmax
Glucokinase: Liver & pancreas, Insulin induces, High Km & Vmax
What substrate and cofactor are required for generation of GABA?
Glutamate, B6
What drug inhibits Alcohol DH? Which inhibits Acetaldehyde DH?
Fomepizole: Alcohol DH
Disulfiram: Acetaldehyde DH
What should you rule out in a man over 50 w/ new onset iron deficiency anemia?
Colon CA
Microcytic anemia + swallowing difficulty + glossitis
Plummer Vinson Syndrome
What cofactors are required for the function of Pyruvate DH? What other enzyme requires the same co-factors?
TLC For Nobody": TTP (Thiamine), Lipoic acid, CoA (B5), FAD (B2), NAD (B3)
a- ketoglutarate DH
What is the drug to treat Sickle Cell Disease?
Hydroxyurea
Painful cyanosis of the fingers & toes, with hemolytic anemia
Cold Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Red urine in the morning, and fragile RBCs
PNH (Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria)
Focal myocardial inflammation w/ multinucleate giant cells
Aschoff bodies (Rheumatic Fever)
Eosinphilic cytoplasmic globules in liver near nucleus
Mallory bodies (alcoholic liver dx)
Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum
Curschmann's spirals (bronchial asthma)
onion skin" periosteal reaction
Ewing sarcoma of the bone
Pseudopalisading tumor cell arrangement
Glioblastoma
Elevated serum uric acid
#NAME?
Name the genetic syndrome: Decreased NADPH due to lack of HMP enzyme
G-6-P DH deficiency
Name the genetic syndrome: inherited defect in tubular amino acid transporter
Cystinuria
Deficiency in homogentisic acid oxidase
Alkaptonuria
Blocked degradation of branched chain amino acids
Maple Syrup Urine Dx
Smudge" cells. What kind of leukemia?
CLL
Reddish-pink rods in the cytoplasm of leukemic blasts
Auer rods (AML)
Most common leukemia in adults in US
CLL
What are some examples of live virus vaccines?
#NAME?