Which of the following are characterized by a thin tunica media and valves that prevent the backflow of blood?
Veins
The unidirectional flow of blood in venules and medium-sized veins is maintained by __________.
the presence of valves
At a patient's routine checkup, a nurse uses a sphygmomanometer to measure the patient's blood pressure at the brachial artery. The nurse increases the cuff pressure to a point at which the rhythmic pulsing sound is no longer audible. When the nurse decre
Systolic pressure
The vasa vasorum, the collection of small arteries and veins supplying blood to the smooth muscle and fibroblasts within blood vessels, is found in the ________________.
tunica externa
When the capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) is higher than the blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP), which of the following events occurs?
Filtration
In taking a patient's blood pressure, you find that it is 120/80. The higher number (120) is the __________.
systolic pressure
To what pressure does the term blood pressure refer?
Arterial pressure
What is the most important determinant of vascular resistance?
Friction between the blood and the vessel walls
Which of the following are characterized by a thick tunica media, a rippled endothelium, and an internal elastic membrane?
Arteries
What type of capillaries have large gaps, allow a free exchange of water and solutes, and are found in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen?
Sinusoidal
Which of the following is NOT a reason why elastic arteries have a tunica media with a large portion of elastic fibers and relatively fewer smooth muscle fibers?
To help maintain blood pressure as blood returns to the heart
The link between adjacent arteries or veins that reduces the impact of a temporary or permanent occlusion of a single blood vessel is a(n) __________.
anastomosis
Where in the body would you find fenestrated capillaries?
Small intestine and kidneys
Which layer of the blood vessel wall contains smooth muscle?
Tunica media
What does the formula F = P/R mean? (Note: F = flow; P = pressure; R = resistance.)
Increasing P and decreasing R increases F.
Which of the following vascular layers contains a thin epithelial layer called the endothelium as well as a layer of connective tissue with a variable number of elastic fibers?
Tunica interna
Where in the systemic circulation is the blood flow the slowest?
Capillaries
Why is water filtered out of the arterial end of capillaries?
The capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) is greater on the arterial end of the capillary than on the venous end.
At rest, the greatest volume of blood is found in ___________.
venules and medium-sized veins
Resistance caused by the irregular, swirling movements of blood at high flow rates or over uneven surfaces is called __________.
turbulence
If the systolic pressure is 120 mm Hg and the diastolic pressure is 90 mm Hg, what is the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
100 mm Hg
The greatest resistance to blood flow occurs in which of the following vessels?
Arterioles
Why are valves located in veins but not arteries?
Lower blood pressure in veins
What are the two major factors affecting blood flow rates?
Pressure and resistance
Which of the following do(es) NOT contribute to total peripheral resistance?
Blood pressure
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) reduces blood pressure and volume by all of the following except __________.
increased secretion of aldosterone
What effect would applying slight pressure to the common carotid artery have on your heart rate and blood pressure?
Increasing heart rate and blood pressure
Local vasodilators are important in regulating blood flow in capillary beds within tissues. Which of the following would NOT function as a local vasodilator?
Decreased tissue temperature
What is the role of aldosterone and ADH in long-term response to blood loss?
Promoting fluid retention
Which control mechanisms are involved in both short-term and long-term regulation of cardiovascular performance?
Endocrine regulation
If blood flow to the kidneys were decreased by constriction or compression of the renal artery, what effect would this have on blood pressure and blood volume?
Blood pressure and volume would increase.
The three primary, interrelated changes that occur as exercise begins are __________.
increasing vasodilation, increasing venous return, and increasing cardiac output
Which vessels carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?
Pulmonary arteries
The chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are helpful in controlling blood pressure. Which of the following does NOT stimulate the chemoreceptors?
Decreased water levels in the blood
Which of the following is/are not a location of the baroreceptors that are involved in cardiovascular regulation?
Lungs
Angiotensin II is a powerful long-term regulator of blood volume and pressure. Which of the following is NOT an effect of angiotensin II?
Production of renin
Which organ or organs receive the greatest increase in blood flow during strenuous exercise?
Skeletal muscle
When the baroreceptors in the aortic and carotid sinuses are inhibited, which of the following does not occur?
The cardioinhibitory center is stimulated.
How does aldosterone help in the long-term regulation of blood pressure?
Increasing Na+ retention
If a 190-pound man donated 500 ml of blood (approximately an 8.5 percent blood loss), what short-term responses will occur?
Mobilization of venous reserve.
An increase in cardiac output normally occurs during __________.
widespread sympathetic stimulation
Most of the time, the body has to adjust to blood pressure that is too low. What hormone is produced to help lower blood pressure back to normal homeostatic levels when it is too high?
Atrial natriuretic peptide
What is the only area of the body where blood supply is unaffected while the individual exercises at maximum levels?
Brain
Which circuit brings blood to the lungs to be oxygenated before returning it to the heart?
Pulmonary circuit
Which chamber of the heart receives richly oxygenated blood from the lungs by the pulmonary veins?
Left atrium
A local vasodilator would act to __________.
accelerate blood flow through a tissue
The regulation of cardiac output primarily involves the activities of the __________.
autonomic nervous system
The systemic blood circuit pumps blood to the body systems other than the lungs and returns blood to the heart. Which are the pumping and receiving chambers of the systemic circuit?
Left ventricle and right atrium
When blood pressure and volume fall suddenly, such as after a hemorrhage, which of the following would not be a short-term response to compensate for the blood loss and raise blood pressure?
Release of erythropoietin to stimulate blood cell development
F = BP/PR is an important equation to describe the factors that influence blood circulation. Which of the following correctly describes this equation?
Flow is directly proportional to blood pressure and inversely proportional to peripheral resistance
Which vessel brings nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver?
Hepatic portal vein
Which of the following does NOT supply oxygenated blood to the brain?
Brachial artery
The large artery that serves the brain is the __________.
internal carotid artery
Which of the following is NOT a change that occurs in the cardiovascular system with age?
Increase in elasticity of the heart
Which of the following arteries supplies oxygenated blood to the stomach?
Left gastric artery
What is an aneurysm?
A ballooning out of the wall of an artery
The three arterial branches of the celiac trunk are the __________.
left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries
What inter-atrial opening allows blood entering the fetal right atrium to bypass the pulmonary circuit?
Foramen ovale
Consider the following pathway: Blood full of nutrients from the digestive system moves through the hepatic portal system to the liver.The hepatic veins then carry blood from the liver to which large vein that transports the blood to the heart?
Inferior vena cava
What is/are the subdivision or subdivisions of the popliteal artery?
Anterior and posterior tibial arteries
As an external iliac artery leaves the body trunk and enters a lower limb, it becomes the __________.
femoral artery
Which vein or veins receive(s) blood from the head, neck, and upper extremities?
Brachiocephalic veins
Blood flow of the fetus to and from the placenta is provided by __________ arteries and veins.
umbilical
The link between the subclavian and the brachial arteries is the __________.
axillary artery
Which of the following statements about the liver is not true?
The liver sends blood to the inferior vena cava through the hepatic portal vein.
Which artery/arteries directly supplies/supply blood to the pelvic organs?
Internal iliac artery
Compression of which vessels would cause a person to lose consciousness?
The common carotid arteries
The artery that supplies blood to most of the small intestine and to the first half of the large intestine is the __________.
superior mesenteric artery
What is a thrombus?
A stationary blood clot
What structure connects the pulmonary and aortic trunks in the fetus and permits blood to flow between them?
Ductus arteriosus
What is the problem in a "blue baby"?
Patent ductus arteriosus
Which veins bring blood from the lower limbs to the inferior vena cava?
Common iliac veins
Which of the following vessels is NOT a main branch of the aortic arch?
Right common carotid
Blood from the lower limbs, the pelvis, and the lower abdomen is delivered to the __________.
common iliac veins
Which vein or veins drain(s) venous blood from the legs and the pelvis?
Common iliac veins