endocrine system
.largely comprised of glands
hormones
.carried by bloodstream to target cells throughout the body
.takes time to deliver and respond
.slow, prolonged response
exocrine glands
.have ducts and secrete their products into theses ducts
.the products are carried to lumens of other organs or outside the body
endocrine glands
.secrete products into bloodstream, which delivers them throughout the body
means of communication between cells, body parts, and individuals
.hormones
prostaglandins
.good example of local hormones
.after produced, not carried elsewhere in bloodstream
.major impact on reproductive organs
.potent chemical signals
pheromones
.chemical signals that influence behavior of other individuals
peptide hormone
.bond to receptor in plasma membrane causing formation of cAMP which activates a lot of enzymes
steroid hormones
.lipids that enter a cell and affect gene activity and thus protein synthesis
hypothalamus
.acts as link b/w nervous and endocrine systems
.regulates internal environment through communications with the autonomic nervous system
pituitary gland
.glandular secretions controlled by hypothalamus
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
.regulates water balance by reabsorbing water into bloodstream
oxytocin
.causes uterine contracting during childbirth and allows milk to be released during nursing
anterior pituitary
.hypothalamus controls by producing hypothalamic-releasing and hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
.stimulates thyroid to produce thyroid hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
.stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortisol
gonadotropic hormones
.stimulate the gonads
.produce gametes and sex hormones
prolactin
.produced only after childbirth
.mammary glands in breasts develop and produce milk
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
.skin color
.low in humans
growth hormone (GH)
.promotes skeletal and muscular growth
effects of GH
.too little during childhood-pituitary dwarfism
.too much-giangantism
acromegaly
.GH is overproduced in adult
.feet, hands and face grow
thyroid gland
.regulates metabolism
.below larynx
hypothyroidism
.develop during infancy or childhood do not grow and develop as other do
.short, stocky and disabilities likely
.excessive thyroid hormones in blood
.can be caused by thyroid tumor
constant stimulation by TSH
.thyroid enlarges, simple goiter
congenital hypothyroidism
.short and stocky individuals, mental retardation
myxedema
.lethargy, weight gain, loss of hair, slower pulse rate, lowered body temp., and thickness and puffiness of skin
exophthalmic goiter
.eyes protrude b/c of edema in eye socket tissues and swelling of muscles that move the eyes
.hyperactive, nervous, irritable and insomnia
calcitonin
.regulates blood calcium level
.hormone secreted by thyroid gland when blood calcium rises
Parathyroid glands
.small glands embedded in surface of thyroid glands
.causes blood calcium level to increase
.promotes osteoclasts
.promotes calcium reabsorption by kidneys
adrenal glands
.sit atop kidneys
adrenal medulla
.under nervous control
adrenal cortex
.under control of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from hypothalamus and ACTH and anterior pituitary hormone
epinephrine
.adrenaline
norepinephrine
.noradrenaline
pancreas
.fish-shaped organ
two tissues of pancreas
.exocrine
.endocrine
exocrine tissue of pancreas
.produces and secretes digestive juices
endocrine tissue of pancreas
.pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
.produces and secretes hormones
Insulin
.secreted by the B cells when blood glucose level is high
.stimulates uptake of glucose by cells (liver cells, muscles cells and adipose cells)
Glucagon
.secreted by A cells of pancreas when glucose level is low
.stimulates liver to break down glycogen to glucose
Diabetes Mellitus
.25.8 million Americans
.instability of body's cells, especially liver and muscle cells to take glucose like they should
symptoms of Diabetes
.fatigue, constant hunger, weight loss
.double vision due to retinopathy and swelling of lens in eye
.kidney failure, nerve destruction, heart attack or stroke
Type 1 Diabetes
.early onset
.Autoimmune disorder that was in family
.pancreatic cells are attacked and cannot produce insulin
.daily insulin injections
Type 2 Diabetes
.adult onset
.overweight obese, adipose tissue produces substance that impairs insulin receptor function
Preventing type 2 diabetes
.adhering to low-fat, low-sugar diet and exercising regularly
gonads
.testes in male
.ovaries in females
testes
.located in scrotum
.produce androgens and testosterone
ovaries
.located in pelvic cavity
.produce estrogens and progesterone
testosterone
.stimulates growth of penis and testes
.brings about and maintains male secondary sex characteristics that develop during puberty
.muscular strength in males
male secondary sex characteristics
.growth of facial hair, axillary and pubic hair
.larynx and vocal cords enlarge, voice lowers
thymus
.lies beneath the sternum
.largest size and most active during childhood
.transforms lymphocytes into T lymphocytes
thymosins
.hormone that aids in differentiation of lymphocytes
pineal gland
.located in brain, produces melatonin
melatonin
.involved in our daily sleep-wake cycle
.circadian rhythms
.regulates sexual development
Erythropoietin
.secreted by kidneys
.stimulates RBC cell formation in red bone marrow
Leptin
.protein hormone
.acts on hypothalamus
.signals satiety or fullness
nervous and endocrines role in homeostasis
.exert control over other systems
hypothalamus
.bridges regulatory functions of both nervous and endocrine systems
.nervous system is able to respond to changes in the external environment