Kidneys
lies on either side of the verbal column in the RETROPERITONEAL space with left slightly higher on left. Filters blood and process filtrate into tubular fluid then urine. lateral layer. convex
Order of blood flow in kidney
Renal artery-->segmental artery --> interlobular artyer --> arcuate artery-->interlobule artery --> afferent arteriole --> glomerus--> erfferent arteriole --> interlobular vein--> aruate vein--> interlobular vein--> renal vien.
Retritoneal
only their anterior surface is covered with peritoneum and posterior aspect lies directly against the posterior abdominal wall..
hilum
the kidney's concave medial border where vessels nerves and the ureters connect to the kidney.
renal sinus
internal space within each kidney,.. it houses renal arteries, renal veins, lymph vessels nerves and the renal pelveis renal calyces and variable amount f adipose connective tissue. l
Kidney's 4 tissue layer
fibrous capsule, PERInephric fat, renal fascia,PARAnephric fat
Fibrous capsule
tissue layer of kidney composed of dense irregular connective tissue covers the outer surface of the kidney, maintains its shape, protects from trauma and prevent infections pathogens from entering.. inner most layer.
PERInephric fat
tissue layer also known as adipose casule, external to the fibrous capsule.. offers cushioning and insulation
renal fascia
external to the perinephric fat and is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. Anchors the kidney to the posterior abdominal call and peritoneum
paranephric fat
outermost layer surrounding the kidney composed of adipose connective tissue and lies between the rena fascia and the peritoneum
renal lobes
consists of medullary pyramid and some cortical substance front the renal columns adjacent to it on either side as well as the cortex external to the pyramids base.
renal artyery
blood carried to a kidney.. arises and extends from the lateral region of the descending abdominal aorta
renal vein
leave the kidney at its hilum a nd traverse horizontally to drain into the inferior vena cava.
Nephron
considered as the fictional unit of the kidney
cortical nephrons
represent the majority of nephorns 85% because they have short loop of Henle are surround by PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES and are located in their entirety in the cortical region of the kidney
juxatameduallary nephron
long loops of held that penetrates deep into the medulla and are surrounded by capillaries called vasa recta
Renal corpuscle
is a round structure composed of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, Corpuscles are located in the cortex and serve as the site where filtration of blood occurs. Materials passing through the filtration membrane enters the space inside Bowman's capsule
glomerulus
structure in the renal corpuscle the thick tangled of capillaries
glomerular capsule
also known as the bowman capsule. epithelial capsule surround the glomerous
visceral layer of the glomerular capsule
directly overlies the glomerulus, composed of cells called podocytes
parietal layer of the glomerulus
bowman capsul layer is formed a simple shamus epithelium
podocytes
specialized cells found in the visceral layer of the glomerulus. has long processes called pedicles or feet that wrap around the glomerural capillaries to support the capillary wall but not completely ensheathe it..
filtration slits
separates the pedicels which allow materials from the blood plasma to pass into the capsular space
Filtration membrane make up
the filtration slits of the podocytes and the fenestrated glomerulus endothelium collectively make up the whole ________
Fenestrated Endothelium
cells layers that have pores, allowing the materials to be filtered.
pedicles
has filtration slits in between two ___ allowing allowing material from the blood plasma to pass into the capsular space.
basement membrane/basal lamina
designed to work with the fenestration of the capillary in selectively filtering materials front he blood plasma.
Proximal Convuloted tube
lined by simple cuboidal epithelium with tall microvilli helps increase reabsorption capacity absorbs a lot tf the nutrients approximately 60 to 65% of the water in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed by osmosis
Nephron loop / Loop of hence
loop has two limbs, descending limb and ascending limb. facilitate reabsorption of water solute front he tubular fluid. sodium ions and chloride ions are primary solutes
distal convoluted tubule
originates in the renal cortex, tubules cells has smaller microvilli lined with simple cuboidal epithelium. primary function secrete ions such as potassium and hydrogen into the tubular fluid under the influence of ADH (antidiuteric hormone) and aldostero
ADH and Aldosterone
are secreted in response to low blood volume or low solute concentration in the tubular fluid with in the kidney... causes distal convoluted tubule cell to increase water and sodium reabsorption form tubular fluid.
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
has two components, of the juxtaglomerural apparatus and juxtaglomerural cells and a macula densa. function is to release renin in response to low blood pressure and or decreased solute concentration
Juxtaglomerural cells
part of the juxtaglomerural apparatus, modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole
macula densa
part of the Juxtaglomerural apparatus, group of the modified epithelial cells in the distal convoluted tubule, monitor ion concentration in tubular fluid
Renin
this activates the __-angiostensinpathway resulting in aldosterone production which causes increase in blood ion concentration in blood volume and blood pressure homeostasis in the body.
Simple cuboidal epithelium
majority of the kidney tubule is lined with
Ureters
long fibrimuscular tubes, conducts urine FROM the kidney to the bladder. its retropritoneal has 3 concentric tunics, mucosa, muscular is,a nd adventitia formed from transitional epithelium bothe distensible and starchy
Urinary bladder
expandable muscle container that serves as a reservoir for urine a retropreitneal oran,
micturition
expulsion of urine from the bladder , also called urination.... initiated by a complex sequence called _____ reflex
Urethra
is a fibromuscular the that originates at the neck of the urinary bladder and conducts urine to the exterior of the bd. bundles of smooth muscle fibers surround the mucosa. mostly traditional type of epithelium.. stratified squamous epithelium lines the u
Urine transport
Papillary duct located int he renal papilla located in the pyramids. -> minor calyx --> major calyx (several of these for the renal pelvis) --> out of the kidney --> ureters--> urinary bladder
Transitional type of epithelium
cells lined by ureters, bladder and urethra