Some rat poisons contain a toxin that blocks the liver's ability to utilize vitamin K. Animals that consume this poison would have problems with __________.
coagulation
Normal blood pH should fall between __________.
7.35-7.45
The most abundant component of plasma is __________.
water
Which type of leukocyte may produce antibodies?
lymphocyte
What plasma protein is most important for the blood's colloid osmotic pressure?
Albumin
Platelets are cell fragments derived from __________.
megakaryocytes
Which blood type is compatible with B- during a transfusion?
O-
All red blood cells in an adult originate in the __________.
red bone marrow
What vitamin is necessary for certain clotting factors to operate during coagulation?
...
Select the appropriate pathway for the steps of hemostasis.
Vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation, clot retraction, thrombolysis
What organ serves as the control center for the regulation of erythropoiesis?
kidney
A centrifuged sample of blood shows 53% plasma, 1% buffy coat, and 46% erythrocytes. What percentage of the blood is composed of leukocytes and platelets?
1%
How much blood does the average adult have?
5 L
What percentage of the blood is composed of plasma?
55%
What is the most common type of leukocyte in a healthy adult?
neutrophil
What is the oxygen-binding protein found in erythrocytes?
hemoglobin
The ABO blood group is based on which antigen(s)?
antigens A and B
The function of red blood cells is to __________.
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Nora was exposed to radiation that caused her red bone marrow to make fewer red blood cells. This condition is known as __________.
aplastic anemia
What cell gives rise to all formed elements?
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
Carbohydrate groups on the surfaces of erythrocytes determine blood type and are known as __________.
antigens
Hemostasis is mediated by __________.
platelets
Which of the following must occur first during hemostasis?
formation of a thrombin
What cells are categorized as agranulocytes?
lymphocytes and monocytes
Which of the following blood types would agglutinate if donated to a person with blood type A+?
B-
Which blood vessels handle the highest blood pressure?
systemic arteries
In which direction will water move when hydrostatic pressure exceeds colloid osmotic pressure at the arteriolar end of a capillary?
water is pushed out of the capillary by filtration
What is edema?
swelling
Into what vein do the splenic, gastric, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric veins drain?
hepatic portal vein
What vessels typically carry blood away from the heart?
arteries
Which of the following arteries does not branch off the aortic arch?
right subclavian artery
Which of the following hormones decreases heart rate, and thus cardiac output and blood pressure?
norepinephrine
epinephrine
acetylcholine
angiotensin-II
acetylcholine
What is the largest artery in the body?
aorta
Which of the following hormones is released to decrease blood pressure?
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Which blood vessels experience the sharpest decrease in blood pressure?
arterioles
Which of the following stimuli is detected by a chemoreceptor?
Stretch in the walls of the arteries
Decreased blood oxygen concentration
Increased blood pressure
Vasodilation of arterioles
decreased blood oxygen concentration
Which of the following arteries has the smallest diameter?
elastic artery
muscular artery
arteriole
metarteriole
metarteriole
Describe the systemic flow of most blood.
artery, arteriole, capillary bed, venule, vein
What type of capillaries have large pores within their endothelial cells and are the leakiest?
sinusoidal capillaries
What is the average value for mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
95 mm Hg
Which of the following structures connects vessels through vascular anastomoses?
collaterals
Damage to the external iliac artery will affect delivery of blood to the __________.
lower limb
What is the mean arterial pressure (MAP) given a systolic pressure of 130 mm Hg and diastolic pressure of 70 mm Hg?
90 mm Hg
diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
pulse pressure = systolic - diastolic pressure
What name does the femoral artery take as it emerges in the posterior thigh?
popliteal artery
Which vessels serve as the blood reservoirs of the body?
veins
What pressure remains the same along the length of a capillary?
colloid osmotic pressure
Most veins below the diaphragm drain into the __________.
inferior vena cava
Into which vein does blood in the external jugular vein drain?
subclavian vein
Blood pressure is equivalent to __________.
hydrostatic pressure
Under what conditions will the myogenic mechanism slow blood flow into a capillary bed?
rising arteriolar pressure
The anatomy of the intrinsic conduction system causes contraction of the ventricles to begin at the apex and move superiorly. Why is this important?
so blood is forced upward, toward the semilunar valves
A person notices his or her heart beat because he or she senses blood being pumped by the heart. Excessive caffeine intake can lead to irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias) that patients perceive as "skipped beats." Given that caffeine is a stimulant, whi
Purkinje fibers initiate spontaneous action potentials, which cause the ventricles to contract early.
Describe the order that a depolarizing impulse travels through the intrinsic conduction system during a normal heartbeat.
SA node, internodal pathways, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
AV node
delays occur here while atria contract
AV bundle
electrical link between atria and ventricles
internodal pathways
links between SA nod and AV node
Purkinje fibers
conveys impulse throughout the ventricular walls
SA node
sets the pace for the entire heart
bundle branches
conveys the impulse down to the interventricular septum
Which part of the intrinsic conduction system normally initiates the depolarizing impulse that causes a heartbeat?
SA node
Which of these structures conduct(s) action potentials the slowest?
SA node
AV node
AV node
The tiles below are pieces of a normal ECG tracing representing a little less than two heartbeats at a resting rate of 80 bpm. Arrange the tiles in their correct order.
Calculate the cardiac output if heart rate (HR) is 90 beats per minute, stroke volume (SV) is 110 ml/beat, end diastolic volume (EDV) is 140 ml, and end systolic volume (ESV) is 30 ml.
9.9 L/min
An increase in sympathetic stimulation of the heart would increase stroke volume by increasing __________.
contractility
cardiac output (CO)
volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute
venous return (VR)
volume of blood entering right atrium per minute
heart rate (HR)
number of heart beats per minute
end systolic volume (ESV)
volume of blood remaining in each ventricle after systole/contraction
stroke volume (SV)
volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat
end diastolic volume (EDV)
volume of blood in each ventricle at end of ventricular diastole
T/F Digestion increases the heart rate.
False, parasympathetic nervous system is "rest and digest
Predict the changes in heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output for each of the following conditions by filling out the table below.
How has your 500 ml decrease in blood volume most likely affected your cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume?
no change in cardiac output, increased heart rate, decreased stroke volume
Describe the order of events of erythropoiesis.
Describe the order of events of erythrocyte death
Mr. R has beta-thalassemia minor; he is heterozygous for the beta-thalassemia gene, so he only makes half as many beta chains as normal. The red blood cells containing abnormal hemoglobin are destroyed more rapidly, so Mr. R suffers from mild anemia (low
Beta chains are two of the four protein chains that hold heme groups in position and modulate their oxygen-binding properties.
Mr. R's beta-thalassemia is causing him to destroy his red blood cells too rapidly. Let's review the red blood cell life cycle and how they are destroyed and recycled.
Mr. R married a healthy woman in his home country of Italy and had three children, a boy with beta-thalassemia minor and two healthy girls. Then, after the death of his wife, Mr. R immigrated to the United States, where he married a woman who has beta-tha
Since her condition is genetic, all her own bone marrow cells carry it and are producing defective erythrocytes
Mrs. R has come in for a checkup, and you notice that she looks different. The shape of her face seems to have changed a little, and her skin is yellowish. When you check her abdomen, you see that her spleen is enlarged.
The doctor is worried about this,
Mrs. R has beta-thalassemia major and has come into the office with an enlarged spleen, changes in the shapes of her facial bones, and jaundice.
As you take her history and examine her, what additional problems will you be watching for?
enlarged liver
shortness of breath and activity intolerance
bone fractures
weakness or fatigue
Mrs. R is pregnant and very worried that the child will have beta-thalassemia. What is the probability that the child will have beta-thalassemia major? What is the probability that the child will have no trace of the disease?
50% chance of having beta-thalassemia major; 0% chance of being disease-free
Mrs. R is in the middle of her second trimester, and she asks the doctor whether the baby can be affected at this stage. You know that this early in pregnancy, the baby has fetal hemoglobin; will this make any difference to the disease?
Since fetal hemoglobin has no beta-globin chains, the disease will not affect it.
Mr. R has beta-thalassemia minor; he is heterozygous for the beta-thalassemia gene, so he only makes half as many beta chains as normal. Mrs. R has beta-thalassemia major, meaning that both copies of her beta-globin gene are defective and she cannot make
The superior vena cava receives systemic blood draining from all areas superior to the diaphragm except the __________.
heart wall
The left pulmonary artery carries __________ blood and __________ blood to/from the __________.
deoxygenated, delivers, lungs
In which disease do the walls of the arteries become thicker and stiffer?
arteriosclerosis
Baroreceptors detect changes in __________.
stretch in arterial walls
Of the following vessel types, which conduct blood toward the heart, regardless of oxygen content?
veins
Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of blood?
to protect vital organs
The most abundant component of plasma is:
water
T/F Erythrocytes are capable of protein synthesis.
False
What is the oxygen-binding protein found in erythrocytes?
hemoglobin
Bilirubin comes from the breakdown of:
heme molecules of hemoglobin that lack iron
During leukopoiesis, neutrophils are derived from __________.
myeloblasts
Which type of leukocyte may produce antibodies?
lymphocyte
Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of platelets?
They are cell fragments
They contain granules with clotting factors and enzymes
They are incapable of oxidative catabolism
They do not have a nucleus
They are incapable of oxidative catabolism
The enzyme that coverts fibrinogen to fibrin is __________.
thrombin
What is the appropriate pathway for the steps of homeostasis: forming a clot
vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation, clot retraction, thrombolysis
In the common pathway, what factor combines with factor Va and calcium ions to form prothrombin activator?
Xa
Which of the following donors will be suitable for a recipient with type A+ blood?
AB+
O-
AB-
B+
O-
Jerry is an alcoholic and does not eat enough food. He has been diagnosed with a vitamin deficiency. What blood disorder is the most likely a result of this deficiency?
pernicious anemia
Platelets form from large cells called __________.
megakaryocytes
When is fibrin produced during the coagulation cascade?
common pathway
What ions are necessary for both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways to the coagulation cascade?
calcium ions
When fibrin levels increase, thrombin production is inhibited. This is an example of a __________.
negative feedback loop
The process by which a blood clot dissolves is called __________.
thrombolysis
T/F The velocity of blood flow increases as blood flows into capillaries
False, decreases to allow for gas exchange
Compared to veins, arteries have __________.
thicker tunica media
What vessels typically carry blood away from the heart?
arteries
The outward force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels is:
blood pressure
What two factors determine the pressure gradient that drives circulation?
cardiac output, peripheral resistance
The baroreceptor reflex response to high blood pressure is __________.
vasodilation, decreased cardiac output
Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located?
coronary sinus, aortic arch
If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?
increased PNS activity, decreased SNS activity
Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles?
decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system
Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in what?
increase in heart rate and contractility
A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following?
increase in heart contractility
Which of the following stimuli is detected by a chemoreceptor?
decreased blood oxygen concentration
The leakiest capillaries, which allow large substances such as cells to cross the capillary walls are called __________.
sinusoidal capillaries
Sinusoidal capillaries are found in:
bone marrow, liver, spleen
The force that pulls water into capillaries is called the __________.
osmotic pressure
Which pressure is created by the presence of large proteins in the blood, such as albumin?
colloid osmotic pressure
Determine the net filtration pressure (NFP) if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 40 mm Hg and the colloid osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg.
15 mm Hg
Which artery supplies the small intestine with blood?
superior mesenteric artery
The left and right brachiocephalic veins merge to form the __________.
superior vena cava
Most veins below the diaphragm drain into the:
inferior vena cava
Which of the following represents the systemic flow of most blood?
artery, arteriole, capillary bed, venule, vein
What normally serves as the pacemaker of the entire heart?
SA node
Unlike skeletal muscle action potentials, cardiac muscle action potentials __________.
involve calcium voltage-gated channels
What characteristic differentiates cardiac muscle cells from skeletal muscle cells?
intercalated discs
Autorhythmicity is the responsibility of:
cardiac pacemaker cells
What vessel(s) deliver oxygenated blood to the left atrium?
pulmonary veins
What vessel delivers oxygenated blood to systemic capillaries for gas exchange?
aorta
What valve prevents the backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium?
tricuspid valve
The P wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents the depolarization of cells in the:
atria
During what phase does blood flow from the ventricles into the pulmonary trunk and aorta?
ventricular ejection phase
The aortic valve closes when __________.
pressure in the left ventricle falls below aortic pressure
Which of the following happens immediately after the P wave?
atria contract
Afterload is described as:
the force the ventricles must overcome to eject blood into their respective arteries
What largely determines preload?
end-diastolic volume (EDV)
What two values are needed in order to calculate cardiac output (CO) for a ventricle?
stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR)
Which hormone decreases cardiac output by decreasing blood volume and preload?
atrial natriuretic peptide
How will the cardiac output change if you double the heart rate but reduce the stroke volume by one-half?
It will not change
Blood from the systemic circuit returns to the heart via the __________.
vena cavae
Which of the following vessels carries oxygenated blood?
pulmonary vein
The vessels that deliver oxygen to the tissues of the body are part of the __________.
systemic circuit
The pulmonary circuit involves blood flow from the heart to and from the:
lungs
What surface groove separates the right and left ventricles?
interventricular sulcus
The apex of the heart is __________.
inferior
Inotropic agents affect ___________________
contractility
Which vessel is guarded by a semilunar valve at its base?
pulmonary trunk
During what part of the action potential will calcium ions enter the contractile cell?
plateau phase
The visceral pericardium is the same as the ______________
epicardium
Which ECG finding can be used to measure heart rate?
R-R interval
The degree of stretch experienced by the sarcomeres in the ventricle cells before they contract is called _______________
preload
What largely determines preload?
end-diastolic volume (EDV)
A damaged AV bundle or AV node will primarily affect the length of the _____________.
P-R interval
High-pressured blood in the ventricles force the __________________ open/closed
semilunar valves open
Blood in the right atrium should travel next past the ____________
tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle
How much blood is pumped from each ventricle during the ventricular ejection phase?
70 mL
Autorhythmicity in the heart is the responsibility of ________________
cardiac pacemaker cells
The right and left atria depolarize and contract following the arrival of the action potential from the _____________
SA node
What vessel(s) deliver oxygenated blood to the left atrium?
pulmonary veins
What two values are needed to calculate cardiac output for a ventricle?
stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR)
What is the function of the valves in the heart?
prevent backflow of blood through the heart
Both left and right atria receive blood from _____________
veins
Which hormone decreases cardiac output by decreasing blood volume and preload?
atrial natriuretic peptide
Which of the following chemical messengers decreases heart rate?
acetylcholine
Calculate the end-systolic volume (ESV) if the end-diastolic volume (EDV) in a resting heart rate is 110 mL and stroke volume is 70 mL
40 mL
The P wave on an ECG represents the depolarization of cells in the _____________
atria
The right side of the heart receives _________
deoxygenated blood from the systemic circuit