functions of the conchae and nasal mucosa during inhalation
-filter air
-moisten air
-heat air
type II alveolar cells
respiratory cells that secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins
occurs in the mitochondria
Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
intrinsic factor
secreted by the parietal cells
required trace minerals in the body
-sulfur
-sodium
-calcium
-potassium
alveolar dead space
alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction
segmentation
causes slow steady mixing and moving of contents in the small intestine
At sea level, atmospheric pressure is measured at approximately ______.
760mm Hg
Within glycolysis, the net gain of ATP is ___.
2
functions of the larynx
-voice production
-routes air into the proper channel
-provide a patent airway
-routes food into the proper channel
internal respiration
the term used for exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues
pancreatic juice
watery alkaline solution that neutralizes chyme
subdivisions of the small intestine
ileum, duodenum, jejunum
hepatic portal vein
transports absorbed components of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids to the liver
breathing
causes intrapulmonary pressure to fluctuate
absorptive state
during and shortly after eating when absorption of nutrients is occurring
Henry's law
states that when a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure
insulin
hormone which causes facilitated diffusion of glucose into muscle and adipose cells as well as glycogen formation
catabolism
hydrolysis of complex structures to simpler ones
ATP synthase
uses released energy to make ATP
alkalosis
arterial blood pH>7.45
principal cells
help maintain the body's water and salt balance
amphoteric
function as both a weak acid and a weak base
chemical buffer systems
the first line of defense in regulating hydrogen ion concentration
K+ (potassium)
the major cation of intracellular fluid (ICF)
nephrons
the structural and functional units that form urine
voluntary sphincter
the external urethral sphincter
ECF Na+ concentration remains stable even if Na+ content changes because of ______.
osmosis
Renin catalyzes the production of _____.
angiotensin II
A system of one or more compounds that act to resist pH changes when strong acid or base is added is termed a _____.
chemical buffer
The metabolism of glutamine causes the production of ______.
NH4+ and HCO3-
micturition
the act of urination or voiding of urine
phosphate buffer system
the most effective buffer system in urine and intracellular fluid (ICF)
nitrogenous waste found in urine
urea, uric acid, and creatinine
mechanisms of urine formation
tubular secretion, glomerular filtration, and tubular reabsorption
urinary bladder
the structure that expands and rises during filling and collapses when empty
intercalated cells
the cell type that functions in maintaining the acid-base balance of the body
Potassium (K+) concentration decreases in extracellular fluid leads to ______and _____.
hyperpolarization and nonresponsiveness
During menstrual cycles and pregnancy, increased NaCl reabsorptin is due to _____.
estrogens
proximal convoluted tubules (PCT)
the site of most reabsorption including nutrients, ions, small proteins, water, and Na+.