Organs located outside the chest.
Upper respiratory tract.
Organs located inside the chest.
Lower respiratory tract.
Lines the respiratory tract.
Mucous membranes.
What is included in the nose and nasal cavity?
1)Nasal septum; 2)Nostrils/nares; 3)Olfactory receptors; 4)Paranasal sinuses
Bone and cartilage that seperates the nasal cavities.
Nasal septum.
What Drain mucus.
Paranasal sinuses.
Name the paranasal sinuses.
1)Maxillary; 2)Frontal; 3)Ethmodial; 4)Sphenoidal.
What is included in the upper respiratory tract?
1)Nose and nasal cavities; 2) Pharynx; 3)Larynx; 4)Upper trachea.
Conducts air to lungs and food to esophagus.
Pharynx/throat.
What are the three parts of the pharynx?
1)Nasopharynx(upper); 2)Oropharynx(middle); Laryngopharynx(lower).
What is included in the pharynx/ throat?
1) Three parts of pharynx (nasopharynx; oropharynx; laryngopharynx); 2) Eustachian tube.
What Connects the naopharynx with the middle ear.
Eustachian tube.
Voice box is in?
Larynx.
What is included inn the larynx?
1)Thyroid cartilage/ Adam's apple; 2)Epiglottis; 3)Vocal cords (Glottis; False vocal cords; True vocal cords)
what is the Space between the vocal cords.
glottis.
No sound, help to close airway in swallowing.
False vocal cords.
Produce sound by vibrating.
True vocal cords.
Which sex does the vocal cords become longer and thicker in puberty?
Male.
What is included in the upper trachea?
1)Carina; 2)Cartilaginous rings.
4-5 inch tube that connects upper respiratory system to the lower respiratory system.
Upper trachea.
Where trachea splits into right and left bronchii.
Carina.
Hold the trachea open.
Cartilaginous rings.
Surgical insertion of tube into the trachea.
Tracheostomy.
Opening between trachea and esophagus that causes food to enter lungs.
Tracheoesophageal (TE) fisfula.
Warm, moisterize, and conduct air.
Nose and nasal passages.
Conducts air to lower structures.
Pharynx (Throat).
Vibrates the vocal cords, produces sound, and conducts air to lower structures.
Larynx (voicebox).
Conducts air to right bronchus and left bronchus.
Trachea (windpipe).
What is included in the lower respiratory system?
1)Lower thrachea; 2)Bronchial tree (Bronchi; Bronchioles; Alveoli); 3)Lungs; 4)Pleural membranes; 5)Muscles of respiration.
Gas exchange.
Alveoli.
Contain the bronchial tree.
Lungs.
Each enters a lung.
Right and left bronchi.
How is the right and left bronchi created?
It is created when trachea splits at the carina.
Where the primary bronchi enter the lungs.
Hilus.
The heart lies on which lung?
Left.
Which lung is smaller?
Left.
Which bronchus is food particles more easily aspirated into?
Right bronchus.
Smaller tubes of bronchial tree.
Bronchioles.
What regulates the air flow to the alveoli?
Smooth muscle.
Contraction causes what?
Constriction (less air).
Relaxation causes what?
Dilation (more air).
Bronchioles constrict in response to a stimulus, causing wheezing.
Asthma.
Stimulation causes relaxation/ bronchodilation.
Beta2 Andrenergic Receptors.
What does beta adrenergic agonists do?
Dilate bronchioles.
What do beta blockers do?
Constrict bronchioles.
Has a single layered mambrane allows for easy gas exchange (difusion).
Alveoli.
What vessel(s) surrounds each alveolus?
Pulmonary capillaries.
What can destory alveoli or cause them to thicken?
Some respiratory diseases.
Puffed up alveoli"- alveoli do not deflate properly.
Emphysema.
Conduct air the the bronchioles.
Bronchi.
Smooth muscle determines diameter, regulates air flow to the alveoli.
Bronchioles.
Small grapelike structures; air sacs that exchange O2 and CO2 with blood in pulmonary circulation.
Alveoli.
What moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries (by dufusion)?
Oxygen (O2).
What moves from the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli (by difusion)?
Carbon dioxide(CO2).
Collapsed and airless alveoli.
Atelectasis.
Large, soft, cone-shaped organs that occupy most of the space in the thoracic cavity; contain structures of lower respiratory tract (bronchial tree).
Lungs.
The right lung has how many lobes?
3
Name the lobes of the right lung.
Superior; middle; inferior.
The left lung has how many lobes?
2
Name the lobes of the left lung.
Superior and inferior.
Removal of a lung.
Pneumonectomy.
Outer5 serous membrane that lines the walls of the pleural cavity.
Parietal pleura.
Lines the outside of the lungs.
Visceral pleura.
Located betwwen the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura.
Intrapleural space.
Serous fluid in the intrapleural space.
Pleural fluid.
Normal lung expansion depends on what?
Opposing forces.
What are the 2 factors that opose lung expansion?
1)Elastic recoil; 2)Surface tension.
What is the factor that promotes lung expansion?
Negative intrapleural pressure.
Lung and balloon want to return to unstretched shape; result of arrangement of fibers (elastic fibers similiar to balloon).
Elastic recoil.
Water has a high tension (attraction between water molecules); Surfactants from alveolar cells decrease tension, allowing respiratory passages to open (helps breakthe attraction of the water molecules).
Surface tension.
Decreases the tension and allows the respiratory passages to open.
Surfactant.
Lower than the atmospheric or intrapulmonic pressure; allows lung to expand.
Negative intrapleural pressure.
What helps it overcome elastic recoil and surface tension?
Negative intrapleural pressure.
If the are any holes in the negative intrapleural pressure then it will cause what to happen?
The lung to collapse.
Why doesn't both lungs collapse at the same time if there is a problem or injury to a lung?
Because they are not in communication with one another.
Loss of negative intrapleural pressure; caused by a leak in the system.
Collapsed lung.
What happens if the lung expands after it has collasped?
The negative intrapleural pressure is restored.
What does a knife wound, air in the intrapleural space that causes the lung to collapse, cause?
Pneumothorax.
Insertion of a lerge needle into the intra[;eural space to aspirate air, blood, or pus --- facilitates lung expansion.
Thoracentesis.
Food or water in the lung.
Apiration.
Measure of the lung's ability to inflate and deflate.
Compliance.
Lungs difficult to inflate or stiff.
Decreased lung compliance.
Lungs are too stretchy and don't deflate properly.
Increased lung compliance.
What are the 3 steps of Respiration?
1)Ventilation (Inhalation; Exhalation); 2)Exchange of o2 and co2; 3)Transport of o2 and co2 by blood.
Inspiration.
Inhalation.
Expiration.
Exhalation.
One inhalation + one exhalation+
Respiratory cycle.
Where does exchange of o2 and co2 happen?
1)At the lungs (alveoli); 2)At tissue level.
Respiratory muscles contract to increase thoracic volume; as volume increases, air moves into the lungs.
Inhalation.
Respiratory muscles relax to decrease thoracic volume; as volume decreases, air moves out of the lungs.
Exhalation.
The volume in the thoracic cavity changes based on what?
Relaxation and contraction of respiratory muscles.
Dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
Diaphragm.
What is the chief muscle of inhalation?
Diaphragm.
The diaphragm is innervated by what nerve?
Phrenic nerve.
Used for FORCED exhalation.
Accessory muscles of respiration.
What is used in inhalation but not exhalation (except FORCED exhalation does require it)?
Energy (ATP).
What type of muscle is the respiratory muscles?
Skeletal muscle.
A spinal cord injury where will prevent the phrenic nerve from firing and will prevent ventilation.
C4 or above.
What is the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction?
Ach.
When receptors are blocked what is impaired?
Ventilation.
In the lungs o2 moves from ________ to _______.
Alveoli to blood.
In tissue o2 moves from _________ to ________. And co2 moves from _______ to ________.
Blood to tissue; Tissue to blood.
Lie between the ribs; external and internal.
Intercostal muscles.
What are the 3 characteristics that make gas exchange possible in alveoli?
1) Large surface area; 2) Thin alveolar and pulmonary capillary walls; 3) Closeness of alveoli to pulmonary capillaries.
pO2 and pCO2.
Partial pressure.
Where can partial pressure be?
In the lungs and at cells.
Almost all oxygen is transported as what?
Oxyhemoglobin.
Oxygen binds to iron portion of hemoglobin molecule.
Oxyhemoglobin.
What are the 3 way that CO2 is transported?
1) Bicarbonate (HCO3-); 2)Carbaminohemoglobin; 3) Dissovled in plasma.
What is the way that most co2 is transported?
Bicarbonate (HCO3-).
Amount of air moved in and out of lungs with each breath.
Tidal volume.
Extra air that can be inhaled after normal inhalation.
Inspiratory reserve.
Extra air that can be exhaled after normal exhalation.
Expiratory reserve.
Amount of air remaining in lungs after forced exhalation.
Residual.
Device that measures pulmonary volumes.
Spirometer.
Total of ALL pulmonary volumes.
Total lung capacity.
Maximal exhalation following maximal inhalation.
Vital capacity.
Amount of air remaining in lungs after normal exhalation.
Functional residual capacity.
Air that remains in passageways of trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles and is not available for gas exchange.
Anatomical dead space.
What is the nerve pathway of inhalation?
Inspiratory neurons in medulla oblongata fire --> Phrenic nerve fires --> Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract --> Volume increases --> Air goes in.
What is the nerve pathway of exhalation?
Expiratory neurons fire --> Diaphragm relaxes --> Volume decreases --> Air goes out (co2).
What in the brain controls breathing?
Medulla oblongata; Pons (affects rate).
Medullary respiratory control center.
Medulla oblongata.
The starting point for respiration that stimulates the phrenic nerve and intercostal muscles.
Inspiratory neurons.
Initiate expiration.
Expiratory neurons.
Depress the medulla oblongata and can cause respiratory depression.
Opioids/ narcotics.
At a chemical level, what is the primary regulator of respiration? What others also contributed?
co2 is primary; pO2 and H+ also contribute.
Chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata.
Central (CNS).
Increase in _____ will stimulate increase rate and depth of breathing and vice-versa.
pCO2.
Chemoreceptors located in other areas of the body (carotid arteries, aorta, etc.).
Peripheral.
What are the ventilatory rate and rhythm factors?
1) Voluntary (emotions); 2) Involuntary (chemoreceptors).
Normal, quiet breathing.
Eupnea.
Temporary cessation of breathing.
Apnea.
Difficult of labored breathing.
Dyspnea.
Rapid breathing.
Tachypnea.
Abnormally slow breathing.
Bradypnea.
Difficulty in breathing relieved by sitting up.
Orthopnea.
Increased rate and depth of breathing stimulated by acidosis.
Kussmaul breathing.
Increase in rate and depth.
Hyperventilation.
Decrease in rate and depth.
Hypoventilation.
Abnormally low concentration of o2 in the blood.
Hypoxemia.
Abnormally high concentration of co2 in the blood.
Hypercapnia.
Abnormally low concentration of co2 in the blood.
Hypocapnia.