mediastinum
the space between the two pleural cavities that contain the lungs; where the heart and other structures are located in the thorax
pericardium
outer layer of the heart
epicardium
innermosts, visceral layer of the pericardium
myocardium
heart muscle
endocardium
the membrane that lines the cavities of the heart and forms part of the heart valves
hardware disease
a condition in cattle where a sharp object is ingested and punctures through the cranial wall of the reticulum, potentially puncturing the diaphragm and heart
cardiac tamponade
mechanical compression of the heart resulting from large amounts of fluid collecting in the pericardial space and limiting the heart's normal range of motion
auricles
largest, most visible parts of the atria, the word means "ears
chordae tendineae
tissue that connects free edges of the valves to the papillary muscles
papillary muscles
internal muscles of the heart that moves the flaps
sinoatrial (SA) node
the heart's 'pacemaker', located cranially on the right atrium
atrioventricular (AV) node
slightly slows the heart electrical pulse to allow atria to finish contracting before the ventricles contract
purkinje fibers/bundle of His
act like nerve cells in the heart to coordinate an effective ventricular contraction
cardiac output
the amount of blood that leaves the heart
stroke volume
the amount of blood ejected with each cardiac contraction
heart rate
how often the heart rate contracts
Starling's law
the greater the stretch of cardiac muscle (blood), the more forceful the contraction
congestive heart failure
condition where pumping ability of the heart decreases, usually due to a valve malfunction (sometimes due to enlarged heart)
patent ductus arteriosus
Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth, allowing blood to flow from the aorta into the pulmonary (lung) artery
systole
the contraction of the chambers of the heart (especially the ventricles) to drive blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery
diastole
The stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle is relaxed, allowing the chambers to fill with blood.
vomer
The thin, single, flat bone that forms the lower portion of the nasal septum
sphenoid
Forms the anterior part of the base of the skull.
fabellae
two small sesamoid on the back of the stifle joint
cribriform plate
thin, medial portion of the ethmoid bone of the skull
ethmoid
irregularly shaped bone that forms part of the orbital wall and the roof of the nasal cavity
synarthroses
Fibrous joints, that are immovable and found in the sutures of skull
diarthroses
freely movable joints, predominate in the limbs (ex: synovial joints)
amphiarthroses
Cartilaginous joints, that are slightly movable and found at the symphysis pubis
holocrine gland
A gland whose secretion consists of disintegrated cells of the gland itself, e.g., a sebaceous gland
apocrine gland
Secretory vesicles are discharged with loss of some apical cytoplasm, e.g., mammary glands and some sweat glands
eccrine gland
a small sweat gland the produces only a fluid
electrocardiogram (ECG)
a record of the heart's electrical activity only; does not indicate whether the heart is actually beating or not
plasma
the liquid portion of the blood that includes proteins and other solutes
serum
the liquid portion of the blood that has had the clotting factors removed
erythrocytes
red blood cells
leukocytes
white blood cells
thrombocytes
another name for platelets
anticoagulant
a substance that does not allow the blood to clot
total WBC count
equal to the sum of each of the individual white blood cell counts
differential WBC count
a population breakdown of WBC in a blood smear, generally recorded as a percent
external respiration
the bodily process of inhalation and exhalation
internal respiration
exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of the body
turbinates
(conchae) the mucous membrane covered, scroll-like bones projecting from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity that clean, moisten, and warm inhaled air
epiglottis
lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway
arytenoid cartilages
with the vocal folds, forms the boundaries of the opening into the larynx (glottis)
glottis
the opening into the larynx
roaring
a condition in horses where laryngeal hemiplegia causes the characteristic sound when breathing heavily
laryngospasm
a closure of the larynx that blocks the passage of air to the lungs
aspiration pneumonia
inflammation of the lungs caused by inhaling or choking on vomitus
bifurcation of the trachea
the division of the trachea into the two bronchi
tracheal collapse
mainly seen in toy and miniature dog breeds due to an abnormality in the tracheal rings. Often present with coughing and exercise intolerance.
asthma
respiratory disorder characterized by wheezing due to bronchocontriction
diaphragm
the thin, domelike sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
surfactant
lines each alveoli to reduce surface tension, keeping the alveoli from collapsing as air moves in and out
pneumothorax
abnormal presence of air in the pleural cavity resulting in the collapse of the lung
tidal volume
volume of air inspired and expired during one breath
minute volume
the volume of air inspired and expired during 1 minute
residual volume
the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration
respiratory center
area of the medulla oblongata that controls breathing
carbon dioxide
___ is the driver of mammalian respiration
mechanical control system
The respiratory control system that sets inspiration and expiration limits for normal resting breathing; operates on the basis of stretch receptors in the lungs that communicate with the respiratory center in the brain.
chemical control system
The respiratory control system that monitors the pH of the blood and its content of O2 and CO2
active immunity
a form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens
passive immunity
an impermanent form of acquired immunity in which antibodies against a disease are acquired naturally (as through the placenta to an unborn child) or artificially (as by injection of antiserum)