#1 Describe the similarities and differences between the nervous system and endocrine system.
Nervous System: mode: is neurons, action potentials and neurotransmitters. Target: muscles, glandular and adipose tissue. Effect: quick, short term and localized.
Endocrine mode: glandular cells, hormones, and bloodstream. Target: most cells of the body.
#2 Describe in sequential order the process by which a water soluble hormone alters biochemical activity of a cell.
Use of surface receptors and internal messenger stimulates or inhibits activity of existing enzymes
#3 Describe in sequential order the process by which a lipid soluble hormone alters the biochemical activity of a cell.
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#4 Positive feedback and example.
With nursing mothers, the positive feedback example is Oxytocin and Prolactin
1. receptors are stimulated by the baby latching and suckling on the breast.
2. Nerve signals are sent to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.)
3. Oxytocin is released into the
Describe negative feedback
Control by body response to hormone or hormone level
Example: low blood glucose (positive feedback gland) stimulates the pancreas- hormone to produce glucagon - stimulates the body cells (hepatocytes, cardiac and skeletal muscles.
Thyroid Gland
Near thyroid cartilage
Thyroid follicles T3 and T4 (in follicles)
1. thyroid follicular epithelium
2. Thyroid colloid
Thyroid colloid secretes Thyroglobulin
Parafollicular cells (between follicles) produces thyroxin.
Hormonal activity
1. follicular cells
Parathyroid Gland
Vital for life
4 glands on posterior surface of thyroid gland
Principle cells _ parathormone:
increases blood calcium level for use of body cells, stimulates bone reabsorption or stimulating internal absorption of calcium.
Stimulating renal absorption of
Pancreas
A.Location - Islets of Langerhan
B. Alpha cells - glucagon
1.Increases blood glucose level primarily by glycogenolysis
2. Sensitive to blood glucose level (low blood glucose)
C. Beta cells - INSULIN
1. Utilization and storage of glucose (decreases blood g
Adrenal Medulla
1. Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine ( maintains fight or flight homeostasis
2. stimulated by sympathetic nerves
ie: dangerous emergency situation stimulates the hypothalamus which stimulates the sympathetic nervous system which stimulates the adren
Adrenal Gland
A. Superior to the kidneys
Adrenal Cortex
1. vital for life
2. Gucocorticoids
a) principle hormones= cortisol, coricosterone and cortisone.
b) effect of hormones (normal levels)
GLUCONEOGENESIS AND LIPOLYSIS in response to stress
c) side effects of too much glucocorticoids-anti-inflammatory agent