BIOL 121 Chp 23 Vocab: Respiratory System

respiratory system

consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Conducting Portion

Includes the nose through the terminal bronchioles (starting with the nose and ending with the lungs)- physically moving air through the respiratory passageways. Includes the nose and nasal cavity, pharynx, tonsils, trachea, and the lungs.

Respiratory Portion

From respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli�site of gas exchange between the lungs and blood. Defined by the presence of thin walled air sacs called alveoli. The respiratory portion begins at the transition from terminal bronchioles to respiratory bronchi

conducting system

The __________________ is lined with a specialized respiratory epithelium (ciliated epithelium with mucus-producing Goblet cells)-pseudostratified columner epithelium. They are long. This epithelial lining provides a ciliary transport system to cope with

Mucocillary Transport

The _________________________________ system keeps microorganisms, dust particles, and other substances from entering the alveoli. The conducting units are lined with cilia that beat synchronously, moving foreign materials and microorganisms up the trache

external nose

The only externally visible part of the respitory system. Function is to provide an airway for respiration, moistening and warming air, filtering inspired air, and serving a resonating center for speech.

Structure of the nose and nasal cavity

External nares, vestibule, nasal cavity (divided into a left and right cavity by the nasal septum); superior, middle and inferior meatuses (allow for air turbulence and allows air to come into contact with the epithelium); superior, middle and inferior na

internal nose

a large cavity beyond the nasal vestibule in the anterior skull that lies inferior to the nasal bone and superior to the mouth; lined with muscle and mucous membrane

internal nares

two openings that connect the internal nose with the pharynx; also called the choanae

nasal cavity

The space within the internal nose.
-Location: lies in and posterior to the external nose; divided by a midline nasal septum. The nasal cavity is continuous with the nasopharynx which lies behind the internal nares. The roof of the nasal cavity is formed

nasal vestibule

Space contained within the felxible tissues of the nose.

nasal septum

a vertical partition that divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides

inferior meatus

a groove-like passageway found on the side of the nasal cavity, formed by the nasal conchae

olfactory epithelium

a region of the membrane lining the superior nasal conchae and septum which contains receptors for the sense of smell

pharynx

Region shared by the digestive and respiratory systems. This region is funnel-shaped. It connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly. Contains the nasopharynx, the osopharynx, and the laryngopharynx. Earrache from

nasopharynx

Lies posterior to the internal nares and superior to the soft palate; contain the pharyngeal tonsil; the auditory canals open into the nasopharynx along its lateral walls. The nasopharynx serves only as an air passageway. During swallowing, the soft palat

Oropharynx

Lies posterior to the oral cavity; extends from the soft palate to the hyoid bone. It is a common pathway for both food and air. Paired palatine tonsils lie in the lateral walls of the oropharynx, while the lingual tonsils cover the base of the tongue. If

adenoid

also called the pharyngeal tonsil; located on the posterior wall of the pharynx

soft plate

Extends posterior to the hard plate , marking the boundary btwn the nasopharynx and the rest of the pharynx.

laryngopharynx

Lies between the hyoid bone to the superior portion of the esophagus.

larynx

Short passageway from the pharynx to the rest of the respiratory canal; sound production occurs here. Superiorly, it is attached to the hyoid bone; it opens into the laryngopharynx. Inferiorly, it is continuous with the trachea. Consists of an intricate a

thyroid cartilage

Largest laryngeal cartilage. ade of a hyaline cartilage, it forms most of the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx. U-shaped, and posteriorly, it is incomplete; also called the Adam's apple

epiglottis

Flap of shoe-horn shaped cartilage. The opening between the vocal folds is called the glottis. This folds back over the opening of the glottis during swallowing to prevent food or liquids from entering into the respiratory tract. If anything other than ai

glottis

Narow opening to the where inhaled air leavs the pharynx and enters the larynx.

cricoid cartilage

a ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx

arytenoid cartilage

a pair of triangular pieces of hyaline cartilage found at the posterior, superior border of the cricoid cartilage, which have a wide range of mobility

corniculate cartilage

a pair of horn-like pieces of elastic cartilage located at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage

cuneiform cartilage

a pair of club- or wedge-shaped elastic cartilages anterior to the corniculate cartilages that support the vocal folds and lateral aspects of the epiglottis

vestibular folds

superior mucous membrane folds of the larynx; also called the false vocal cords

vocal folds

inferior membrane and connective tissue folds of the larynx, inferior to the vestibular folds, guard the entrance to the glottis; also called the true vocal cords

trachea

Windpipe; tube located anterior to the esophagus; it descends from the inferior portion of the larynx into the mediastinum. It ends by dividing into two primary bronchi in the center of the thoracic cavity. It is supported by 15-20 cartilaginous c-rings (

primary bronchi

service the right and left lung. They are located outside of the lungs (extrapulmonary). They are two in number and divide toward the right and left lung. The cartilage in the walls of the bronchi is complete, circular rings.

secondary bronchi

Before any more branching occurs, the primary bronchi enter the lungs through the hilus into the lung tissue proper. The cartilage of secondary bronchi forms plate-like masses within the walls. Secondary bronchi are branches of the primary bronchi that en

tertiary bronchi

Are branches of the secondary bronchi. The cartilage of tertiary bronchi forms plate-like masses that decrease in size as progression into the bronchial tree occurs. Tertiary bronchi service bronchopulmonary segments of the lung (specific regions of the i

bronchioles

The smallest bronchi branch into these. They lack cartilage. The cartilage is replaced by abundant smooth muscle that allows for bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction. In the these, the cartilage of the bronchi is replaced with non-cartilaginous tissue;

terminal bronchioles

Make up the last component of the conducting component of the respiratory system. Terminal bronchioles are the smallest tubule of the bronchial tree to have both ciliated cells and mucus-producing cells.

bronchial tree

The primary bronchi and their branches. As the branching continues, the passageways become smaller and the amount of cartilage within the walls of the bronchi becomes less. The tertiary bronchi divide several more times before becoming the bronchioles.

lungs

Paired, cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity that lie on either side of the heart; the primary organs of respiration.

parietal pleura

Membrane that covers the thoracic wall and superior surface of the diaphragm

visceral pleura

Membrane that covers the external lung surface.

pleural cavity

Two cavities separated by the mediastinum. Each lung occupies a single pleural cavity lined by a serous membrane called the pleura.

Pleural Fluid

Fluid within the pleural cavity that allows for lubrication between the parietal and visceral pleura.

respiratory bronchiole

Each terminal bronchiole gives rise to several these. Gas exchange is possible within these bronchioles due to the presence of alveoli associated with these tubules. Respiratory bronchioles have ciliated cells, but no mucus-producing cells.

alveolar duct

Respiratory bronchioles divide into these. They lack both ciliated cells and mucus-producing cells. As the tubules approach the alveolar sacs, they become more elastic and simpler in tissue anatomy.

alveolar sacs

Clusters of alveoli with a common central chamber. They are connected to the alveolar ducts.

type I alveolar cell

Thin, flat cells. Most of the cells of the alveoli are this type of cell. The external surface of Type I cells are covered by a network of pulmonary capillaries. Elastic fibers also surround the alveoli.

type II alveolar cell

Or Surfactant cells: larger, box-shaped cells scattered among the Type I cells. They produce surfacant.

surfactant

a complex mixture of phospholipids and proteins found in the alveolar fluid; lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid, which reduces the tendency of alveoli to collapse. Is and oily secretion.

alveolar macrophages

phagocytes associated with the alveolar wall that remove fine dust particles and other debris from the alveolar spaces; also called dust cells

respiratory membrane

It is composed of three parts - (1) the Type I alveolar cell, (2) the endothelium of the pulmonary capillary and (3) the fused basement membrane between the Type I alveolar cells and the capillary cell. The respiratory membrane is a very thin membrane bet

alveolar wall

a layer of type I and type II alveolar cells and associated alveolar macrophages

respiration

the general process of gas exchange in the body

pulmonary ventilation

Air movement into and out of the lungs.

external respiration

Includes all the processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the interstitial fluids and the external environment. Two concentrations of gas that can be affected are hypoxia and anoxia.

internal respiration

Absorption of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide by living cells.

Inspiration (inhalation)

The movement of air into the respiratory system. Begins with contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals. Causes thoracic volume to increase.

Boyle's law

Gas pressure and Volume. There is an inverse relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas in a closed container. An applied pressure between gas molecules can push them closer together (decrease volume). If you decrease the volume of a gas (or de

intrapleural pressure

the pressure between the two pleural layers in the pleural cavity, which is always subatmospheric; also called intrathoracic pressure

alveolar pressure

the pressure inside the lungs themselves; also called intrapulmonic pressure

exhalation

The movement of air out of the respiratory system; breathing out also called expiration.

compliance

The ability of the lungs to stretch.

eupnea

normal breathing of an animal at rest. 12-20 breaths/min

costal breathing

a pattern of shallow (chest) breathing due to contraction of the external intercostal muscles

diaphragmatic breathing

a pattern of deep (abdominal) breathing consisting of the outward movement of the abdomen

tidal volume

amount of air you move during a single respiratory cycle. in during inhalation or out during exhalation.

minute ventilation

the total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute; equal to respiratory rate multiplied by tidal volume

anatomic (respiratory) dead space

Air must pass through a series of tubes to get to the alveoli. The air in these tubes is not involved in oxygen transport into the blood. Because the conducting airways do not exchange gases with the blood, they are known as this. Its volume is normally 1

alveolar ventilation volume

This is the amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute. This volume determines the rate of oxygen delivery to the alveoli. Increasing the tidal volume and increasing the respiratory rate will increase the alveolar ventilation volume. Alveolar ventilat

inspiratory reserve volume

the amount of air you can take in following a resting tidal volume.

expiratory reserve volume

amount of air expelled following a quiet respiratory cycle. minimal volume (30-120ml) ex: collapsed lungs.

residual volume

air that remains in the lungs following maximal exhalation. about 1200ml=1.2L.

inspiratory capacity

the sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume

functional residual capacity

the sum of residual volume and expiratory reserve volume

vital capacity

the maximal volume of air that can be moved in or out of the lungs.

total lung capacity

total volume of your lungs; about 6 liters in males, 4.2 l in females.

Dalton's law

The total pressure of a mixture of a gas is the sum of the pressures of the individual pressures. Atmospheric pressure is 79% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, .04 % carbon dioxide. Thus, air is composed of 21% oxygen, and at 760 mm Hg, the partial pressure of oxygen

Henry's law

The amount of a particular gas in solution is determined by the partial pressure of the gas, the gas solubility in the liquid and the temperature. When a mixture of gases comes in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in proportion to its partial

nitrogen narcosis

excessive amounts of dissolved nitrogen that produce giddiness and other symptoms similar to alcohol intoxication; also called the "rapture of the deep

decompression sickness

if a scuba diver ascends too rapidly, nitrogen in the blood comes out of solution too quickly and forms gas bubbles in the tissues, causing joint pain, dizziness, shortness of breath, extreme fatigue, paralysis, and unconsciousness; also called "the bends

deoxygenated blood

blood that is depleted of some oxygen gas

oxygenated blood

blood that is saturated with oxygen gas

oxyhemoglobin

the binding of oxygen and hemoglobin

percent saturation of hemoglobin

the average saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen

Bohr effect

As the pH decreases or becomes more acidic, oxygen is released from hemoglobin easier. The lowering of pH generally occurs in areas of active metabolism. Hemoglobin is less saturated. If the pH goes downs you need more O2, a decrease in hemoglobin even th

carbaminohemoglobin

hemoglobin that has bound carbon dioxide onto its alpha and beta globin chains

bicarbonate ions

how 70% of the carbon dioxide in blood plasma is transported

respiratory center

neurons in the medulla oblongata and pons of the brain that regulate the rate and depth of pulmonary ventilation

central chemoreceptors

located in or near the medulla oblongata in the central nervous system that respond to changes in hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or P-CO2 or both, in cerebrospinal fluid

peripheral chemoreceptors

neurons located in the aortic and carotid bodies that are sensitive to changes in P-O2, H+, and P-CO2 in the blood

Tonsils

ring of lymphatic tissue (prevention of infection) at the back of the mouth. Includes the pharyngeal, palatine, and lingual tonsils.

Functions of Larynx

-1- Provision of a patent airway for air and food.
-2- Routing air and food to proper pathways
-3- Voice production

Laryngeal Cartilages

Allow for ligament and skeletal muscle attachment and support the vocal cords (vocal of ligaments) within the vocal folds to allow for sound production. These cartilages include the epiglottis, cricoid cartilage, and thyroid cartilage.

3

The right lung has ______________________ lobes (superior, middle and inferior lobes) separated by the horizontal and oblique fissures

2

The left lung has ________________ lobes (superior and inferior) separated the oblique fissure.

Hilus

Medial surface of lung; provides entry for the primary bronchi, the pulmonary vessels and nerves.

Bronchi

Trachea branches within the mediastinum to form the left and right primary bronchi. All have cartiloginous support. The right primary bronchi are angled steeper into the right lung---foreign objects enter from the trachea into the right bronchi instead of

cartilage

As the conducting tubes become smaller: The _____________ changes. It goes from rings in the trachea to irregular plates in the bronchi to none in the bronchioles.
.

epithelium

As the conducting tubes become smaller: The ________ changes. It goes from respiratory epithelium to simple epithelium

decreases

As the conducting tubes become smaller: The amount of cilia and mucus-producing cells decreases.

increases

As the conducting tubes become smaller: The amount of smooth muscle _____________.

Aveoli

The functional unit of the lung. Alveolar sacs contain 2 or more alveoli arranged in clusters with a common central chamber. Each lung contains over 350 million alveoli. Alveolar sacs are connected to the respiratory bronchioles by way of the alveolar duc

4 Steps of External Respiration

a. Pulmonary ventilation: physical movement of air into and out of the lungs
b. Gas diffusion across the respiratory membrane
c. The storage and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
d. Exchange of dissolved gases between blood and interstitial

cellular respiration

Oxygen consumption by cells in the biochemical pathways in aerobic metabolism. Is associated with internal respiration.

Hypoxia

low tissue oxygen levels

anoxia

lack of oxygen

Gas Laws

Passive process, never force diffusion. High to Low.
1. Diffusion
2.Dalton's Law
3. Henry's Law

Elasticity

The ability of the lungs to return to its original volume or size when the stretching force is released. Changes the volume of lungs, very expandable.

respiratory cycle

a single cycle of inhalation and exhalation

atmospheric pressure

The pressure measure in the air surrounding our bodies. At sea level, this pressure is 760 mmHg.

Intra-alveolar pressure

The pressure measured in the alveoli of the lungs. This pressure rises and falls during breathing, but it always equalizes with the atmospheric pressure between inhalation and exhalation.

Intrapleural Pressure

The pressure measured in the pleural cavity. This pressure is always 4 mmHg less than the pressure in the alveoli; therefore it is always lower than both atmospheric and intra-alveolar pressure. Always negative, so it creates a section effect. As lung pul

Fluid bond

A ____________ exists between the visceral and parietal pleura. The negative intrapleural pressure is what keeps the lung membranes from separating due to the lungs' natural elasticity.The fluid bond causes the surface of the lung to stick to the inner wa

Quiet breathing

Inhalation involves muscular contractions (usually the diaphragm and external intercostals), but exhalation is a passive process (elastic recoil of muscle and lung tissue).

Respitory muscles

Active during normal breathing at rest. The most are included in the diaphragm and the external intercostals. Include quiet breathing, forced breathing, inhalation, exhalation.

Forced breathing

Involves both active inspiratory and expiratory movements. Forced breathing calls upon the accessory respiratory muscles to assist in inspiration and expiration.

Diagphram

Quiet Breathing of Inhalation: ______________-contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity by flattening its floor. Responsible for 75% of air movement in quiet breathing

External Intercostals

Quiet Breathing of Inhalation: _____________- contraction of the external intercostals muscles elevates the ribs. Responsible for 25% of air movement in quiet breathing.

Forced Breathing of Inhalation

(1)Muscles of quiet breathing: diaphragm and external intercostals

Accessory

______________________________ of inhalation: these muscles become active when the depth and frequency of inhalation increases. Includes the sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor and the scalenes. The additional contraction of the acces

Exhalation

Quiet ____________, is a passive process. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, and the thoracic cavity becomes smaller due to elastic recoil of the diaphragm and the rib cage.
NO MUSCLE

forced breathing

_______________- exhalation: in forced exhalation, the accessory muscles of exhalation forcibly contract, pushing the diaphragm against the lungs and depressing the rib cage. This action further decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity.

Accessory

______________ of exhalation: These muscles become active when the depth and frequency of exhalation increases. Includes the internal intercostals, transversus thoracis and the abdominal muscles.
ACCESSORY MUSCLE

Inhalation

Mechanisms of Pulmonary Ventilation: ___________-The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract. The volume of the thoracic cavity increases. This then causes the volume within the lungs to increase. Increasing the lung volume decreasing the intr

Exhalation

Mechanisms of Pulmonary Ventilation: ____________- The diaphragm and external intercostals muscles relax. The recoil of the musculature and return of the ribs to their original position is a passive process that causes the volume of the thoracic cavity to

Respiratory Rate

the number of breaths per minute�12 - 20 breaths/minute for resting ventilation (average person)

Respiratory Minute Volume

amount of air moved each minute. The respiratory minute volume is calculated as follows: (respiratory rate) (tidal volume)-multiply

Alveolar Ventilation

Contains anatomical dead space and alveolar ventilation volume

lung volumes and capacity

Contains resting tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, residal volume, total lung capacity, and vital capacity.

hyperventilation

an increase in the volume of air moved in/out of the lung. breathing at a faster ran than normal (eupnea); releasing more CO2 in plasma.

hypoventilation

a decrease in the volume of air moved in/out of the lung

Resting Tidal Volume

amount of air moved into or out of the lungs during a single quiet respiratory cycle. 500 ml or 10% of total lung volume.

apnea

absence of breathing

Gas exchange at the respiratory membrane

In the lungs btwn. the alveoli and capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood.
a. Gas Laws

Diffusion

oxygen and carbon dioxide are transferred passively by diffusion. is directly proportional to the concentrarion gradient (the greater the concentration differences on either side of the respiratory membrane, the greater the diffusion from greater to small

carbonated drinks

carbon dioxide is forced into sodas due to increase of pressure within an enclosed can. Opening the can decreases pressure and carbon dioxide comes out of solution (fizzing). CO2 comes out til it reaches equillibrium.

decompression

__________________________ sickness: a condition caused by a drop in atmospheric pressure and resulting in the formation of nitrogen gas bubbles in body fluids, tissues and organs. to PREVENT, come up in stages slowly.

Gas exchange requires pressure gradients:

gas exchange in lungs and in the tissues. O2 at the lungs move into blood stream, at tissues O2 unloads and CO2 goes into blood stream to be taken away.

Gas exchange at the lungs

Gas laws state that individual gases flow from regions of higher partial pressure to regions of lower partial pressure. Normal PO2 is 100 mmHg - this is a constant pressure because of ventilation. The PO2 of systemic venous blood arriving at the lungs is

Gas exchange in the tissues:

Diffusion of gases between the blood and cells also depends on the pressure gradient between the two compartments. The cells are continuously using oxygen and producing carbon dioxide through cellular respiration, so at rest the PO2 is 40 mmHg and the PCO

O2 transport in blood

Oxygen is transported in blood in two ways:
dissolved in plasma and O2 bound to hemoglobin

Dissolved

_____________________________ in plasma: Of the total amount of oxygen transported in blood, only 1.5% is dissolved in plasma. This is due to the low solubility of oxygen in solution. This amount is not adequate to supply the amount of oxygen consumed by

Oxygen bound to hemoglobin:

The respiratory pigment is hemoglobin. Hemoglobin binds with oxygen, and increases the oxygen content in blood.

oxygen-hemoglobin diccociation

_____________________________________ curve: is sigmoidal. The reason for the sigmoidal shape of the plotted curve is due to subunit cooperativity. That is, oxygenation of the first heme group makes it easier for oxygenation of the second heme group, and

affinity

Changing the ___________ for oxygen at the same oxygen partial pressures. The factors that change this make O2 more available - as cellulalr metabolism proceeds CO2, acids and heat are all generated. Factors are:
1.pH
2.temperature
3.carbon dioxide partia

temperature

An increase in temperature will cause oxygen to be released from hemoglobin easier. Less saturation so its more available.

carbon dioxide partial pressure

The loading of carbon dioxide onto the hemoglobin causes the unloading of oxygen. Thus, carbon dioxide partial pressure increases, the hemoglobin has a decreased affinity for oxygen.

7, 93

Carbon dioxide transport in Blood: Carbon dioxide is a product of aerobic metabolism in body. Carbon dioxide is transported three ways from the tissues:
a. Dissolved in plasma as carbon dioxide. Only ___% of carbon dioxide carried by venous blood is disso

carbaminohemoglobin

23% of the carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin (__________________________).

bicarbonate

70% of the carbon dioxide is converted into ________________________ ion.

Formation of Bicarbonate Ion

Once carbon dioxide leaves the respiring cell, the following reaction occurs within the red blood cell: CO2 + H2O - H2CO3- (H+) + (HCO3-)
CO2 is carbon dioxide.H2O is water. H2CO3 is carbonic acid.H+ is a hydrogen ion with a positive charge. HCO3- is a bi

Formation of Bicarbonate Ion (Part II)

The reaction of water and carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid requires the presence of an enzyme, carbonic anhydrose. Carbonic anhydrase is found in red blood cells. One generated bicarbonate ion exits the RBC.
a. Carbonic acid dissociates immediately in

Carbon dioxide transport at the lungs

At the lungs, a reversal of events occurs. Carbon dioxide dissolved in blood will simply diffuse into the alveoli. The hemoglobin will unload carbon dioxide for diffusion into the lungs. Bicarbonate ions are converted back to carbon dioxide (a reversal of

Regulation of Respiration

1. Ventilation and alveolar blood flow are matched
2. Neural regulation of breathing

Ventilation and alveolar blood flow are matched
Ventilation and alveolar blood flow are matched

Ventilation is adjusted to fit the rate and location of blood flow. Oxygen from the atmosphere across the respiratory membrane occurs as part of external respiration. Blood flowing past the alveoli must be adequate to pick up the available oxygen. Matchin

Local Regulation

The rate of oxygen delivery in each tissue and the efficiency of oxygen pickup at the lungs are largely regulated at the local level. Perfusion is blood flow. Ventilation is airflow. Air and blood flow in lungs are coordinated.

perfusion

Open or closed vessel, is the blood flow.

ventilation

is the air flow. constriction is the less flow of air. dilation is the more flow of air.

lung perfusion

blood vessels respond to changes in oxygen (goes up- vasodilation) partial pressure. CO2 does nothing to a capillary in the lungs. High oxygen partial pressure results in vasodilation, and therefore an increase in blood flow.

Alveolar ventilation

bronchioles respond to changes in carbon dioxide partial pressure. O2 does nothing to bronchioles.
-1- High carbon dioxide partial pressure results in bronchodilation. Smooth muscles of the bronchioles are sensitive to the carbon dioxide partial pressure

Local regulation

O2 increases blood flow (perfusion)- more blood, more blood means more CO2. CO2 increase air flow- bronchioles dilate, less CO2. NO MUSCLE NEEDED.

Neural Regulation of Breathing

When activity levels increase and the demand for oxygen rises, the cardiac output and respiratory rates increase under neural (or central) control. Respiratory control has both voluntary and involuntary components. Involuntary centers regulate the activit

Medulla Oblangata

Respiratory Centers of the ________________: The respiratory rhythmicity centers are located in the medulla oblongata in the brainstem. These paired centers set the pace for respiration. Contain two groups the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups.

Dorasl Respiratory Group

contain nerves that innervate the external intercostals and diaphragm. These muscles are used in both forced and quiet breathing.

Ventral Respiratory Group

contain nerves that innervate all accessory respiratory muscles. This group is active only during forced breathing.

Pons

Respiratory Centers of the _______________: the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers are paired nuclei within the pons (an area of the brain within the brainstem superior to the medulla oblongata). These centers adjust (or regulate) the respiratory rate and

Respiratory Reflexes

sensory information which can induce a change in the respiratory centers within the brain. three types of reflexes: chemoreceptor reflexes and central chemoreceptors.

Peripheral reflexes

located within the carotid body and the aortic body. These nerve endings are stimulated by decreases in blood oxygen, decreases in blood pH, and increases in blood carbon dioxide. When chemoreceptors are stimulated, the result is an increase in rate and d

central chemoreceptors

located in the medulla oblongata (brain) and respond to acidity of the cerebralspinal fluid due to increased carbon dioxide partial pressure. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood and then forms hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions in the cerebrospinal f

Hering-Breuer

______________________ reflex: this sensory information is distributed to the respiratory centers of the medulla and pons; this response is involved in force respiration. Contain inflation and deflation reflexes.

Inflation

_____________________________ reflex: prevents over-expansion of the lungs during force breathing.

Deflation

- _____________________________ reflex: prevents over-deflation of the lungs during forced breathing.

Protective

_____________________________ reflexes: Reflexes that respond when you are exposed to irritants within the respiratory tract. Irritants of respiratory tract are sneezing, coughing, and laryngeal spasms.

Sneezing

triggered by irritation of nasal cavity

Coughing

triggered by irritation of larynx, trachea or bronchi

Laryngeal spasms

results from the entry of chemical irritants, foreign objects, or fluids into the area of the glottis. This reflex generally closes your airway temporarily

ventilation

Movement of air into & out of the lungs

gas exchange

between blood and air-filled chambers of the lungs. hemoglobin in the blood carries O2

transport of gases

Accomplished by cardiovascular system

Respiration

Functions to supply the body with oxygen and remove CO2. "__________" is actually 4 distinct processes:
A. Ventilation
B. Gas Exchange
C. Transport og Gas
D. Absorption of oxygen and release of CO2 by tissue cells

Functions of Respiratory System

A. Providing for an extensive area for gas exchange between the air and the circulating blood.
B. Moving air to and from the exchange surfaces of the lungs.
C. Protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temperature changes, or other environmental v