List the three layers of a vessel wall.
tunica externa, tunica media, tunica interna
This layer of the vessel wall contains smooth muscle and is where constriction occurs.
tunica media
Name the layer of the vessel wall that has loose connective tissue and is the outer layer.
tunica externa
This layer of the vessel wall contains endothelium and lines the lumen.
tunica interna
List the circulatory organization.
large artery(aorta)->distributing medium artery->smaller artery(arteriole)->capillary(gas exchange)->venule(small veins)->medium vein->large veins(inferior and superior vena cava)
___functions includes gas and nutrient exchange between the blood and tissues.
capillaries
___ regulate whether capillaries are open or not.
precapillary sphincters
When the precapillary sphincter are ___, blood flow _____capillaries.
open;through
When the precapillary sphincters ____, blood flow right to ___(not through capillaries)
closed; venule
Name the two types of capillaries that is involved in capillary exchange.
contiunuous capillary and fenestrated capillary
This type of capillary is found in most tissues.
continuous capillary
___are found in small intestines, allows for rapid exchange of gases and nutrients, and a more chance for things moving back and forth.
fenestrated capillary
During ___, oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, hormones, antibodies can be exchanged in and out of blood.
capillary exchange
List the three types of circulatory routes.
simplest, portal, and anastomoses
__is the most common circulatory route and has one capillary bed.
simplest
List the steps of simplest route of circulation.
heart->arteries->capillaries->veins->heart
The ___ circulatory route is between the kidney, hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary and had 2 capillary beds.
portal
___circulatory route is found in heart, fingers/toes and is shunt. If you have a blockage in one , you can use another artery-> in veins bypasses capillaries,
anastomoses
Where is blood found the most?
veins
Where is blood found the least?
capillaries
___is when blood exerts against a vessel wall.
blood pressure
During ___blood pressure, ventricles contracts(out of heart and into arteries)
systolic
During ___blood pressure, ___is relaxed
diastolic; ventricles
___is systolic blood pressure minus diastolic blood pressure.
pulse pressure
__is type of peripheral resistance
blood pressure
____is cardiac output times total peripheral resistance.
blood pressure
___, __, ___ are three factors that affect peripheral resistance.
blood viscosity, vessel length, and vessel radius
With ____ you have thicker blood, which ___resistance.
blood viscosity; increases
___increases in length increases friction -> increases resistance
vessel length
vessel radius ___ radius which ___ resistance
decreases; increases
_ is sustained increased blood pressure at rest.
hypertension
at or above ___= hypertensive
140 mmHg/90mmHg
prehypertensive is between___mmHg/___mmHg
120-139mmHg/ 80-89mmHg
__sense changes in pressure around the heart
baroreceptors
List how baroreceptor control blood pressure using the cardioinhibitory center.
arteries stretched->baroreceptor increase firing rate->cardioinhibitory center is stimulated->reduced heart rate->reduced blood pressure
List how baroreceptors control blood pressure using the vasomotor center.
arteries stretched->baroreceptors increase firing rate->vasomotor center is inhibited->reduced sympathetic tone->reduced vasomotor tone->vasodilation->reduced blood pressure
Name five ways in which hormones controls blood pressure.
Angiotensin II, Aldosterone, Atrial Natriuretic Peptide, Antidiuretic hormone, epinephrine
___ hormone controls the blood pressure by increasing vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure
Angiotensin II
List how two related pharmaceuticals of Angiotensin II controls blood pressure.`
ACE(angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitors and Angiotensin receptor blockers
__ hormone controls blood pressure with sodium retention, increased cardiac output->blood pressure
Aldosterone
___hormones controls blood pressure lower cardiac output, lower blood pressure , sodium excretion
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
___hormones controls water retention, increase cardiac output, vasopressin(increase vasoconstriction)
Antidiuretic Hormone
List how related pharmaceuticals of Antidiuretic controls blood pressure.
diuretics lowers blood pressure by getting rid of excess water
Which hormone increases blood pressure by increasing vasoconstriction?
epinephrine
List how related pharmaceuticals of epinephrine controls blood pressure.
beta blockers ( block beta receptors)
Name the capillary exchange that is blood->tissue.
filtration
Name the type of capillary exchange:tissue->blood
reabsorption
___is physical force exerted by a liquid against a surface
hydrostatic pressure
__is the amount of pressure that would have to be applied to one side of a selectively permeable membrane to stop osmosis
osmotic pressure
__ blood colloid osmotic pressure(COP)-tissue fluid (COP)
oncotic pressure
___hydrostatic pressure-oncotic pressure
net filtration pressure
____ mmHg towards the tissue on the arterial end of capillary
13 mmHg
__mmHg towards the blood on the venous end of capillary,
7 mmHg
__is the accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue
edema
___is filtration> reabsorption
edema
___is caused by increase in capillary filtration, decrease in capillary reabsorption and obstructed lymphatic drainage
edema
List two characteristics of veins.
less muscular and easily collapsible
How does blood flow up to the heart?
valves(one way), pressure gradient, gravity,skeletal muscle pump, thoracic pump, and cardiac suction
__ is a weak point in a blood vessel.
aneurysm
__may rupture->hemorrhaging(release blood)
aneurysm
__is a sudden loss of brain function caused by a blockage or rupture of a blood vessel to the brain.
stroke
__is the 3rd most common cause of death and if ruptured is the most fatal
stroke
List two forms of stroke.
ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke.
__blockage in an artery feeding the brain and is more common.
ischemic stroke
__blood vessels rupture.
hemorrhagic stroke
list 2 signs of hemorrhagic stroke
one side drooping ,confusion