Bryophytes are
nonvascular plants
Are the Bryophytes gametophyte or sporophyte dominant?
gametophyte
where are bryophytes usually found?
near streams or wetlands
which is the most diverse phylum in the bryophytes?
Phylum Bryophyta
name the three phyla in the Bryophytes
Bryophyta, Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta
phylum bryophyta is also called
the true mosses
phylum hepatophyta is also called
the liverworts
phylum anthocerophyta is also called
the hornworts
is vascular tissue gametophyte or sporophyte dominant?
sporophyte dominant
what are the three fundamental tissue systems?
dermal, vascular, and ground
the dermal system is the
outermost layer
the vascular tissue contains the
xylem and phloem
what is the xylem responsible for?
transporting water and minerals (one direction)
what is the phloem responsible for?
transporting sugar through plant (multidirectional)
what is the function of ground tissue?
fill space between the dermal and vascular tissue systems
a microphyll is
1 strand of vascular tissue per leaf
a macrophyll is
more than 1 strand of vascular tissue per leaf
an apical meristem is
primary growth, responsible for vertical growth
a lateral meristem is
secondary growth, responsible for the increase in girth
the seedless vascular plants include which phyla?
pterodophyta, psilophyta, equisetophyta, and lycophyta
which three phyla make up the monilophyta
pterodophyta, psilophyta, and equisetophyta
the psilophyta are the
whisk ferns
the equisetophyta are the
horsetails
the pterophyta are the
true ferns
equisetum means
living fossils
fronds are
megaphylls
circinate venation is the
unspiraling of the sporeling
lycophyta are the
club mosses
what does gymnosperm mean?
naked seed
are gymnosperms gametophyte or sporophyte dominant?
sporophyte dominant
what phyla are in the gymnosperms?
gnetophyta, ginkgophyta, coniferophyta, and cycadophyta
what is significant about the ginkgophyta seed coat?
it is smelly
what is significant about the cycads?
they are short and palm like
what is included in the coniferophyta?
pines, firs, and spruces
what is the biggest and oldest phyla?
coniferophyta
angiosperms are the
magnoliaphyta
angiosperms are
flowering plants
are angiosperms sporophyte or gametophyte dominant?
sporophyte dominant
more than one petal is collectively called the
corolla
a male whorl is the
andrecium
a female whorl is the
gynoecium
more than one sepal is collectively called the
calyx
the calyx and the corolla are called the
perianth
a flower is called perfect if
it has both male and female parts
a flower is complete if
it has all four whorls
monoecious means
one house (male and female whorls on the same plant)
dioecious means
two houses (males and females are on separate gamete producing plants)
an inflorescence is
an arrangement of flowers on a branch or stem
what are the different kinds or inflorescence?
solitary, spike, raceme, simple umbel, compound umbel
monocot characteristics include:
one cotyledon, veins usually parallel, vascular tissue is scattered, fibrous root systems, pollen grain with one opening, floral organs in multiples of 3 or 6
eudicot characteristics include:
2 cotyledons, veins usually netlike, vascular tissue is arranged in a ring, one main root, pollen grain with 3 openings, floral organs in multiples of 4 or 5
how many cells are in an angiosperm pollen grain?
2 cells
how many mitotic divisions are there from 1 microspore to one microgametophyte?
1 mitotic division
a megaspore is
7 cells with 8 nuclei
what is fruit?
a container for seeds that develops from the ovary wall
fruit can be
dry or fleshy
an example of aggregate fruit is a
strawberry
an example of a berry is a
tomato
an example of a multiple fruit is a
blackberry and pineapple
a multiple fruit is when
each segment of an individual flower fuse to form one fruit
hesperidium has a ___________ and an example is all ________ fruits
leathery exocarp, citrus
a pepo has a thick rind and fleshy _________ and example is
mesocarp, watermelon
an example of a pome is an
apple
hypanthium is an
enlarged receptical
a drupe fruit is
fleshy fruit with a strong endocarp
an example of a drupe fruit is a
peach
what are included in the Amaryllidaceae?
amaryllis, daffodil, onion, garlic
Amaryllidaceae is the _______ family.
amaryllis
Poaceae is the _______ family
grass
the poaceae include:
wheat, corn, rice, bamboo
the Areacaceae is the _________ family
palm
the Areacaceae include:
date palm, coconut, palmetto
the Orchidaceeae is the __________ family
orchid
which families are monocots?
Amaryllidaceae, Poaceae, Arecaceae, Orchidaceae
the Rosaceae is the ________ family
rose
the rosaceae include:
carolina rose, apples and pears, flowering cherry, peaches, strawberries, raspberries
what is important to know about the rose family?
have >10 stamen and radially symmetric
the Brassicacaeae is the ________ family
mustard
the Brassicacaeae include:
broccolo, cabbage, canola, radishes, wasabi
what is important to know about the Brassicacaeae?
it produces dry, dehiscent fruit and have parts of 4 instead of 5
the Solanaceae is the ________ family
nightshade
the Solanaceae include:
bells peppers, chilli peppers, potatoes, eggplant, tomato, tobacco
what is important to know about the Solanaceae family?
in has flower parts in 5
the Fabaceae is the _________ family
pea
what is important to know about the Fabaceae family?
bilaterally symmetric, 5 petals
the Fabaceae include:
peanuts, blacks beans, soybeans, alfalfa, mimosa tree, and eastern redbud
the Laminaceae is the _______ family
mint
what is important to know about the Laminaceae?
it has four-angled stems, strongly zygomorphic flowers
the Laminaceae include:
basil, rosemary, mints, sage, thyme, oregano
the Asteraceae is the _________ family
daisy
Asteraceae include:
sunflowers, artichokes, milk thistle, chrysanthemums, lettuce, dandelions
what is important to know about the Asteraceae family?
each dot in the center of the composite head is 1 flower, in middle of each dot is 1 fused corolla, the sepals are adapted into brissels
dehiscent means
opens along a suture when mature
a legume
opens along two sutures
a capsule has
>1 carpel more than 2 sutures
a follicle has
1 carpel opens along 1 suture
an example of a legume is a
bean
an example of a capsule is a
okra
an indehiscent fruit
does not open at a suture
an achene is
attached at a single point
an example of an achene is a
sunflower seed or strawberry
samara is
winged for wind dispersal
an example of a samara is
maple or elm leaf
a nut is
bigger than an achene, attached at one point
an example of a nut is
an acorn and hazelnut
a caryopsis is
endocarp fused to the seed
an example of caryopsis is
corn
what is another word for megasporangiate strobilus
ovulate cone, pine cone
what is double fertilization?
one sperm fuses with an egg (zygote)
one sperm fuses with 2 polar cells (endosperm)
what is a radicle?
little root, part of a seed that will become a root
are conifers heterosporous or homosporous?
heterosporous
are liverworts heterosporous or homosporous?
homosporous
are true mosses homosporous or heterosporous?
homosporous
are true ferns homosporous or heterosporous?
homosporous
are angiosperms heterosporous or heterosporous?
heterosporous
what is heterospory?
the production of spores of two different sizes and sexes
what is homospory?
the production of 1 kind of spore
Bryophytes are
nonvascular plants
Are the Bryophytes gametophyte or sporophyte dominant?
gametophyte
where are bryophytes usually found?
near streams or wetlands
which is the most diverse phylum in the bryophytes?
Phylum Bryophyta
name the three phyla in the Bryophytes
Bryophyta, Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta
phylum bryophyta is also called
the true mosses
phylum hepatophyta is also called
the liverworts
phylum anthocerophyta is also called
the hornworts
is vascular tissue gametophyte or sporophyte dominant?
sporophyte dominant
what are the three fundamental tissue systems?
dermal, vascular, and ground
the dermal system is the
outermost layer
the vascular tissue contains the
xylem and phloem
what is the xylem responsible for?
transporting water and minerals (one direction)
what is the phloem responsible for?
transporting sugar through plant (multidirectional)
what is the function of ground tissue?
fill space between the dermal and vascular tissue systems
a microphyll is
1 strand of vascular tissue per leaf
a macrophyll is
more than 1 strand of vascular tissue per leaf
an apical meristem is
primary growth, responsible for vertical growth
a lateral meristem is
secondary growth, responsible for the increase in girth
the seedless vascular plants include which phyla?
pterodophyta, psilophyta, equisetophyta, and lycophyta
which three phyla make up the monilophyta
pterodophyta, psilophyta, and equisetophyta
the psilophyta are the
whisk ferns
the equisetophyta are the
horsetails
the pterophyta are the
true ferns
equisetum means
living fossils
fronds are
megaphylls
circinate venation is the
unspiraling of the sporeling
lycophyta are the
club mosses
what does gymnosperm mean?
naked seed
are gymnosperms gametophyte or sporophyte dominant?
sporophyte dominant
what phyla are in the gymnosperms?
gnetophyta, ginkgophyta, coniferophyta, and cycadophyta
what is significant about the ginkgophyta seed coat?
it is smelly
what is significant about the cycads?
they are short and palm like
what is included in the coniferophyta?
pines, firs, and spruces
what is the biggest and oldest phyla?
coniferophyta
angiosperms are the
magnoliaphyta
angiosperms are
flowering plants
are angiosperms sporophyte or gametophyte dominant?
sporophyte dominant
more than one petal is collectively called the
corolla
a male whorl is the
andrecium
a female whorl is the
gynoecium
more than one sepal is collectively called the
calyx
the calyx and the corolla are called the
perianth
a flower is called perfect if
it has both male and female parts
a flower is complete if
it has all four whorls
monoecious means
one house (male and female whorls on the same plant)
dioecious means
two houses (males and females are on separate gamete producing plants)
an inflorescence is
an arrangement of flowers on a branch or stem
what are the different kinds or inflorescence?
solitary, spike, raceme, simple umbel, compound umbel
monocot characteristics include:
one cotyledon, veins usually parallel, vascular tissue is scattered, fibrous root systems, pollen grain with one opening, floral organs in multiples of 3 or 6
eudicot characteristics include:
2 cotyledons, veins usually netlike, vascular tissue is arranged in a ring, one main root, pollen grain with 3 openings, floral organs in multiples of 4 or 5
how many cells are in an angiosperm pollen grain?
2 cells
how many mitotic divisions are there from 1 microspore to one microgametophyte?
1 mitotic division
a megaspore is
7 cells with 8 nuclei
what is fruit?
a container for seeds that develops from the ovary wall
fruit can be
dry or fleshy
an example of aggregate fruit is a
strawberry
an example of a berry is a
tomato
an example of a multiple fruit is a
blackberry and pineapple
a multiple fruit is when
each segment of an individual flower fuse to form one fruit
hesperidium has a ___________ and an example is all ________ fruits
leathery exocarp, citrus
a pepo has a thick rind and fleshy _________ and example is
mesocarp, watermelon
an example of a pome is an
apple
hypanthium is an
enlarged receptical
a drupe fruit is
fleshy fruit with a strong endocarp
an example of a drupe fruit is a
peach
what are included in the Amaryllidaceae?
amaryllis, daffodil, onion, garlic
Amaryllidaceae is the _______ family.
amaryllis
Poaceae is the _______ family
grass
the poaceae include:
wheat, corn, rice, bamboo
the Areacaceae is the _________ family
palm
the Areacaceae include:
date palm, coconut, palmetto
the Orchidaceeae is the __________ family
orchid
which families are monocots?
Amaryllidaceae, Poaceae, Arecaceae, Orchidaceae
the Rosaceae is the ________ family
rose
the rosaceae include:
carolina rose, apples and pears, flowering cherry, peaches, strawberries, raspberries
what is important to know about the rose family?
have >10 stamen and radially symmetric
the Brassicacaeae is the ________ family
mustard
the Brassicacaeae include:
broccolo, cabbage, canola, radishes, wasabi
what is important to know about the Brassicacaeae?
it produces dry, dehiscent fruit and have parts of 4 instead of 5
the Solanaceae is the ________ family
nightshade
the Solanaceae include:
bells peppers, chilli peppers, potatoes, eggplant, tomato, tobacco
what is important to know about the Solanaceae family?
in has flower parts in 5
the Fabaceae is the _________ family
pea
what is important to know about the Fabaceae family?
bilaterally symmetric, 5 petals
the Fabaceae include:
peanuts, blacks beans, soybeans, alfalfa, mimosa tree, and eastern redbud
the Laminaceae is the _______ family
mint
what is important to know about the Laminaceae?
it has four-angled stems, strongly zygomorphic flowers
the Laminaceae include:
basil, rosemary, mints, sage, thyme, oregano
the Asteraceae is the _________ family
daisy
Asteraceae include:
sunflowers, artichokes, milk thistle, chrysanthemums, lettuce, dandelions
what is important to know about the Asteraceae family?
each dot in the center of the composite head is 1 flower, in middle of each dot is 1 fused corolla, the sepals are adapted into brissels
dehiscent means
opens along a suture when mature
a legume
opens along two sutures
a capsule has
>1 carpel more than 2 sutures
a follicle has
1 carpel opens along 1 suture
an example of a legume is a
bean
an example of a capsule is a
okra
an indehiscent fruit
does not open at a suture
an achene is
attached at a single point
an example of an achene is a
sunflower seed or strawberry
samara is
winged for wind dispersal
an example of a samara is
maple or elm leaf
a nut is
bigger than an achene, attached at one point
an example of a nut is
an acorn and hazelnut
a caryopsis is
endocarp fused to the seed
an example of caryopsis is
corn
what is another word for megasporangiate strobilus
ovulate cone, pine cone
what is double fertilization?
one sperm fuses with an egg (zygote)
one sperm fuses with 2 polar cells (endosperm)
what is a radicle?
little root, part of a seed that will become a root
are conifers heterosporous or homosporous?
heterosporous
are liverworts heterosporous or homosporous?
homosporous
are true mosses homosporous or heterosporous?
homosporous
are true ferns homosporous or heterosporous?
homosporous
are angiosperms heterosporous or heterosporous?
heterosporous
what is heterospory?
the production of spores of two different sizes and sexes
what is homospory?
the production of 1 kind of spore