Which of the following diseases is caused by a diet lacking in protein and results in bloated bellies in children?
kwashiorkor
Soil components
air, actinomycetes, water
The green revolution _______.
is responsible for increasing food supplies during the past 50 years and produced high-yield varieties of many crops
Bacillus thuringiensis
The gene that produces a natural insecticide and is often used to create pest-resistant transgenic crops.
Provides ground cover for agricultural crops
double harvests, alfalfa, green manure
The largest exporter of beef in the world
Brazil
The greatest threat to food security around the world
Poverty
Top 3 crops used in the US
corn, wheat, and rice
Calculate Doubling Time
72 Divided by %
Seafood is the primary animal protein source for approximately how many people?
1 Billion
The parent material of soil underlies the ____________
Horizon
Which country has lost 93,000km2 (the size of Indiana) of land to desertification over the last 30 years?
China
The energy needed to process and distribute food in the US is as much as _______ times the amount that is used to actually farm the crops.
5
locavore
a person who consumes locally produced food
Thomas Malthus
an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834)
pronatalist pressure
Children provide support for elderly parents, Male pride, Children help with household and farm chores.
Kerala India
improved social conditions and educational opportunities to lower population growth
The number of births in a year per thousand persons
Crude Birth Rate
mortality rate
number of deaths per thousand people
Life expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.
Third most populous country
USA
Second most populous by 2050
China
Industrial Revolution
event initiated the enormous increase in human population about 200 years ago
World Population projected for 2050
9 Billion
population momentum
built-in potential for population growth due to a large number of individuals entering reproductive age
One of the most effective ways to stabilize populations size
decrease child mortality
CBA
The sum of all products bought and sold within an economy
Soil
a complex mixture of weathered mineral materials from rocks, partially decomposed organic molecules, and a host of living organisms
Clay
the finest soil, made up of particles that are less than 0.002 mm in diameter.
Silt
mixture of rich soil and tiny rocks with particles 0.002-0.05 mm in diameter
Sand
the coarsest soil, with particles 0.05-2.0 mm in diameter
Erosion
condition in which the earth's surface is worn away by the action of water and wind
Subsistence agriculture
Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family
Monoculture
farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year
Green Revolution
the introduction of pesticides and high-yield grains and better management during the 1960s and 1970s which greatly increased agricultural productivity
Biological controls
natural controls such as predators (wasps, ladybugs, praying mantises) or pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi) that can control many pests
Pesticide resistance
insects develop resistance to pesticides over time which they then transfer to their offspring who entirely resistant
Natural Selection
a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment
Integrated Pest Management
a variety of pest control methods that include repairs, traps, bait, poison, etc. to eliminate pests
Sustainable agriculture
Long-term productive farming methods that are environmentally safe.
Conservation tillage
planting method in which farmers disturb surface topsoil and vegetation as little as possible
No till planting
where the new crop seeds (or small plants) are 'punched' down through the stubble of the preceding crop
Summer fallow
Cropland that is purposely kept out of production during a regular growing season
Green manure
a growing or freshly cut crop that is plowed under to enrich soil
Crop rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
High responders
crops of the green revolution produce tremendous yields in response to fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation.
Terracing
carving small, flat plots of land from hillsides to use for farming
Cover crops
plants, like rye, alfalfa or clover, that can be planted immediately after harvest to hold and protect the soil
Shelterbelts
soil protection provided by rows of planted vegetation between strips, rows of trees or other tall perennial plants that are planted along the edges of fields to slow the wind
Transgenic crops
new crops with improved characteristics created artificially through genetic engineering, which combines genes from species that would not naturally interbreed
Contour plowing
plowing fields along the curves of a slope to prevent soil loss
Sustainable forestry
The use and management of forest ecosystems in an environmentally balanced and enduring way
Tera Petra Soils
Dark, rich soils found in the amazon.
Selective cutting
the removal of select trees in an area; this leaves the majority of the habitat in place and has less of an impact on the ecosystem.
sustainable farming methods
crop rotation, soil amendment, plant off-season cover crops.
Doubling Time
The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
Demography
study of populations
Exponential growth
growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate
Fertility Rate
the number of babies born each year per 1,000 women in a population.
Rate of Natural Increase
the annual rate of population growth
Logistic Growth
occurs when a population's growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth
Demographic Transition
change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates
Age Structure
the relative number of individuals of each age in a population
J-Curve
a growth curve that depicts exponential growth
S-Curve
a curve that depicts logistic growth.