desert
an area where evaporation exceeds precipitaion. covers around 30% of the earth. have little vegetation and mosture to help store heat so very cold nights
tropical desert
hot and dry and sandy. the ones found in movies
temperate desert
day time temperature is very high in summer and low in winter and there is more precipitation than tropical.
cold desert
vegetation is sparce, winters are cold, summers are warm, precipitation is low
succulent plant
1. have no leaves 2. store water and synthesize food in expandable fleshy tissue 3. open stomata to take up carbon dioxide
adaptations of desert plants:
1. deep roots for underground water 2. widely spread shallow roots to collect water after showers 3. wax coated leaves to reduce water loss 4. seeds remain inactive till enough water to germinate
adaptations of desert animals
1. hide in cool burrows during day 2. dormant during extreme heat 3. thick outer covering to reduce water loss 4. dried feces and dried urine
grassland
occur mostly in interiors of continents in areas too moist for desert and too dry for forest
savanna
usually warm year round with drought during dry seasons and lightening that can cause fires before rainy season
where was the birthplace of humans?
savanna
grazing
animals that eat grass and herb, many in savanna
browsing
animals that eat twig and leaf, many in savanna
what kind of roots of plants in savanna?
deep roots to get groundwater to survive drought
temperate grassland
winters are bitterly cold, summer hot and dry, precipitaion is sparce and uneven
wat kind of soil is in temperate grassland?
fertile soil when the above ground grass die and decompose with organic matter accumulating
why do fires not affect grass in temperate grassland?
there is an extensive netowrd of roots undergroud so fires dont kill these roots and grass can quickly grow back
polar grassland
lie south of arctic polar ice caps with short growing season
permafrost
underground soil in which captured water stays frozen for more than 2 years
how do lakes form in polar grassland?
permafrost prevents soil from absorbing melting water and lakes and marshes form. they attract bugs which are food for birds and animals
chaparral
shrubland in coastal regions. slightly lnoger winter rainy season with fog during spring and fall that reduces evaportaion
wat kind of soil in chaparral?
soil is thin and not fertile
what kind of roots do shrubs in chaparral have?
fire resistant roots and seeds that sprout after hot fires
why is chaparral risky to live?
mudslides
tropical rain forest
high humidity, high rainfall, with distinct layers with specialized niches
broadlead evergreen plant
keep most of their leaves year round in tropical rain forest
why is there little vegetation on tropical rain forest floor?
the dense canopy blocks most sunlight from reaching forest floor. the few vegetaion on floor have enormous leaves to capture the little light
liana
vines in tropical rain forest that provide walkways for animals in the canopy
what kind of soil in tropical rain forest?
low in nutrients and acididc. nutrients are mostly taken by trees and plants so the soil is deprived with rapid recycling of scarce soil nutrients
tropical dry forest
tropical areas with warm temp and wet and dry seasons. tree height is lower and less canopies than rain forest
temperate deciduous forest
long warm summers with cold winters and abundant precipitation. moderate temp that can change significantly with seasons
broad leaf decidiuous trees
in temperate deciduous forest. such as oak, hickory, and maple and survive cold winters by dropping leaves in the fall and becoming dormant
what kind of soil in temperate deciduous forest?
fertile and nutrient rich. less trees means more sunlight on floor and richer plant at the ground
which biome has been disturbed by human activity the most?
temperate deciduous forest
evergreen coniferous forest
subarctic climate with long, dry and cold winters and short summers
coniferous evergreen trees
in evergreen coniferous forest, suchas spruce, for, ceder, pine. with narrow needle leaves with waxy coast to withstand intense winter
what kind of soil in coniferous evergreen forest?
nutrient poor and acidic. because of waxy needles, low temp and high soil acidity and slow decomposition
muskegs
evergreen coniferous forest. during summers, soil becomes waterlogged and form acidic bogs (lakes)
temperate rain forest
also called coastal coniferous. coastal temperatures with much rainfall and moisture from dense ocean fogs. winters are mild and summers are cool. mostly moss and ferm on large trees
mountain
1/4 of earth surface with dramatic changes in altitude, climate, soil, and vegetation.
mountains are especially prone to (blank)
erosion when vegetation holding the soild is disturbed
islands of biodiversity
many freestanding mountain surrounded by an abundance of lower-elevation landscapes transformed by human activity
how does mountaintops affect climate?
the ice on the tops reflect solar radiation back into space
how does the mountains have a critical role in hydrologic cycle?
by gradually releasing melted ice, snow, water stored in soils and vegetation to small streams
in what ways is human activity affected deserts?
1. large desert cities 2. soil destruction by vehicles 3. depletion of groundwater
in what ways is human activity affected grassland?
1. conversion to cropland 2. overgrazed livestock 3. grassland burning and release carbon dioxide 4. oil production in arctic tundra
in what ways is human activity affected forest?
1. convert diverse forest to tree plantations 2. clearing of trees 3. pollution of forest streams
in what ways is human activity affected mountains?
1. increasing tourism 2. UV increase from ozone depletion 3. air pollution from cities 4. timber and mineral extraction
desert
an area where evaporation exceeds precipitaion. covers around 30% of the earth. have little vegetation and mosture to help store heat so very cold nights
tropical desert
hot and dry and sandy. the ones found in movies
temperate desert
day time temperature is very high in summer and low in winter and there is more precipitation than tropical.
cold desert
vegetation is sparce, winters are cold, summers are warm, precipitation is low
succulent plant
1. have no leaves 2. store water and synthesize food in expandable fleshy tissue 3. open stomata to take up carbon dioxide
adaptations of desert plants:
1. deep roots for underground water 2. widely spread shallow roots to collect water after showers 3. wax coated leaves to reduce water loss 4. seeds remain inactive till enough water to germinate
adaptations of desert animals
1. hide in cool burrows during day 2. dormant during extreme heat 3. thick outer covering to reduce water loss 4. dried feces and dried urine
grassland
occur mostly in interiors of continents in areas too moist for desert and too dry for forest
savanna
usually warm year round with drought during dry seasons and lightening that can cause fires before rainy season
where was the birthplace of humans?
savanna
grazing
animals that eat grass and herb, many in savanna
browsing
animals that eat twig and leaf, many in savanna
what kind of roots of plants in savanna?
deep roots to get groundwater to survive drought
temperate grassland
winters are bitterly cold, summer hot and dry, precipitaion is sparce and uneven
wat kind of soil is in temperate grassland?
fertile soil when the above ground grass die and decompose with organic matter accumulating
why do fires not affect grass in temperate grassland?
there is an extensive netowrd of roots undergroud so fires dont kill these roots and grass can quickly grow back
polar grassland
lie south of arctic polar ice caps with short growing season
permafrost
underground soil in which captured water stays frozen for more than 2 years
how do lakes form in polar grassland?
permafrost prevents soil from absorbing melting water and lakes and marshes form. they attract bugs which are food for birds and animals
chaparral
shrubland in coastal regions. slightly lnoger winter rainy season with fog during spring and fall that reduces evaportaion
wat kind of soil in chaparral?
soil is thin and not fertile
what kind of roots do shrubs in chaparral have?
fire resistant roots and seeds that sprout after hot fires
why is chaparral risky to live?
mudslides
tropical rain forest
high humidity, high rainfall, with distinct layers with specialized niches
broadlead evergreen plant
keep most of their leaves year round in tropical rain forest
why is there little vegetation on tropical rain forest floor?
the dense canopy blocks most sunlight from reaching forest floor. the few vegetaion on floor have enormous leaves to capture the little light
liana
vines in tropical rain forest that provide walkways for animals in the canopy
what kind of soil in tropical rain forest?
low in nutrients and acididc. nutrients are mostly taken by trees and plants so the soil is deprived with rapid recycling of scarce soil nutrients
tropical dry forest
tropical areas with warm temp and wet and dry seasons. tree height is lower and less canopies than rain forest
temperate deciduous forest
long warm summers with cold winters and abundant precipitation. moderate temp that can change significantly with seasons
broad leaf decidiuous trees
in temperate deciduous forest. such as oak, hickory, and maple and survive cold winters by dropping leaves in the fall and becoming dormant
what kind of soil in temperate deciduous forest?
fertile and nutrient rich. less trees means more sunlight on floor and richer plant at the ground
which biome has been disturbed by human activity the most?
temperate deciduous forest
evergreen coniferous forest
subarctic climate with long, dry and cold winters and short summers
coniferous evergreen trees
in evergreen coniferous forest, suchas spruce, for, ceder, pine. with narrow needle leaves with waxy coast to withstand intense winter
what kind of soil in coniferous evergreen forest?
nutrient poor and acidic. because of waxy needles, low temp and high soil acidity and slow decomposition
muskegs
evergreen coniferous forest. during summers, soil becomes waterlogged and form acidic bogs (lakes)
temperate rain forest
also called coastal coniferous. coastal temperatures with much rainfall and moisture from dense ocean fogs. winters are mild and summers are cool. mostly moss and ferm on large trees
mountain
1/4 of earth surface with dramatic changes in altitude, climate, soil, and vegetation.
mountains are especially prone to (blank)
erosion when vegetation holding the soild is disturbed
islands of biodiversity
many freestanding mountain surrounded by an abundance of lower-elevation landscapes transformed by human activity
how does mountaintops affect climate?
the ice on the tops reflect solar radiation back into space
how does the mountains have a critical role in hydrologic cycle?
by gradually releasing melted ice, snow, water stored in soils and vegetation to small streams
in what ways is human activity affected deserts?
1. large desert cities 2. soil destruction by vehicles 3. depletion of groundwater
in what ways is human activity affected grassland?
1. conversion to cropland 2. overgrazed livestock 3. grassland burning and release carbon dioxide 4. oil production in arctic tundra
in what ways is human activity affected forest?
1. convert diverse forest to tree plantations 2. clearing of trees 3. pollution of forest streams
in what ways is human activity affected mountains?
1. increasing tourism 2. UV increase from ozone depletion 3. air pollution from cities 4. timber and mineral extraction