demography
the study of human populations and population trends
Thomas Malthus
Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production
immigration
movement of individuals into an area occupied by an existing population
emigration
movement of individuals out of an area
crude death rate
the number of deaths per 1000 individuals per year
crude death rate
the number of deaths per 1000 individuals per year
doubling time
70 divided by the growth rate percentage
total fertility rate
an estimate of the average number of children that each woman in a population will bear throughout her childbearing years
replacement level fertility
the total fertility rate required to offset the average number of deaths in a population so that the current population size remains stable
developed countries
countries with relatively high levels of industrialization and income and a replacement level fertility of about 2.1
developing countries
countries with relatively low levels of industrialization and incomes of less than $3 per person per day and a total fertility rate of greater than 2.1
life expectancy
the average number of years that an infant born in a particular year in a particular country can be expected to live, given the current average life span and death rate in that country
infant mortality
the number of deaths of children under the age on 1 per 1000 live births
child mortality
the number of deaths of children under age 5 per 1000 live births
age structure diagrams
a visual representation of age structure within a country for males and females
population pyramid
an age structure diagram that is widest at the bottom and smallest at the top, and is typical of developing countries
population momentum
the phenomenon where it takes time for actions that attempt to reduce births to catch up with a growing population
net migration rate
the difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1000 people in a country
theory of demographic transition
as a country moves from a subsistence economy to industrialization and increased affluence, it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth
family planning
the regulation of the number or spacing of offspring though the use of birth control
ipat
impact = population X affluence X technology
affluence
money, goods, or property
urban area
an area that contains more than 386 people per square kilometer or 1000 people per square mile
gross domestic product
a measure of all the value of all products and services produced in a year in that country