APES Ch 7- The Human Population

demography

the study of human populations and population trends

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production

immigration

movement of individuals into an area occupied by an existing population

emigration

movement of individuals out of an area

crude death rate

the number of deaths per 1000 individuals per year

crude death rate

the number of deaths per 1000 individuals per year

doubling time

70 divided by the growth rate percentage

total fertility rate

an estimate of the average number of children that each woman in a population will bear throughout her childbearing years

replacement level fertility

the total fertility rate required to offset the average number of deaths in a population so that the current population size remains stable

developed countries

countries with relatively high levels of industrialization and income and a replacement level fertility of about 2.1

developing countries

countries with relatively low levels of industrialization and incomes of less than $3 per person per day and a total fertility rate of greater than 2.1

life expectancy

the average number of years that an infant born in a particular year in a particular country can be expected to live, given the current average life span and death rate in that country

infant mortality

the number of deaths of children under the age on 1 per 1000 live births

child mortality

the number of deaths of children under age 5 per 1000 live births

age structure diagrams

a visual representation of age structure within a country for males and females

population pyramid

an age structure diagram that is widest at the bottom and smallest at the top, and is typical of developing countries

population momentum

the phenomenon where it takes time for actions that attempt to reduce births to catch up with a growing population

net migration rate

the difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1000 people in a country

theory of demographic transition

as a country moves from a subsistence economy to industrialization and increased affluence, it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth

family planning

the regulation of the number or spacing of offspring though the use of birth control

ipat

impact = population X affluence X technology

affluence

money, goods, or property

urban area

an area that contains more than 386 people per square kilometer or 1000 people per square mile

gross domestic product

a measure of all the value of all products and services produced in a year in that country