One of the main goals of science: To investigate and understand the ____________ ____________.
natural world
One of the main goals of science: to ____________ events in the natural world.
explain
One of the main goals of science: to use explanations to make useful ____________.
predictions
____________ is the study of living things.
Biology
The work of a scientist begins with careful ____________.
observation
What 3 things does scientist work involve?
experimenting, hypothesizing, and observing
A scientific hypothesis must be stated in a way that it can be ____________.
tested
The variable that is changed in the experiment is called the ____________ or ____________ variable.
manipulated or independent
The variable that results because of the experiment is called the ____________ or ____________ variable.
responding or dependent
The ____________ group is used to measure the effects of the experimental variable.
control
____________ is the information that is gathered in an experiment.
Data
How many variables are tested in a controlled experiment?
one
Can a hypothesis be disproven by a single experiment?
Yes
Scientists publish the details of important experiments so that: their work can be _______________
repeated/reproduced
Scientists publish the details of important experiments so that...
...others can try to reproduce the results
Scientists publish the details of important
experiments so that: Their experimental ______________ can be reviewed.
procedures
Can a theory be revised or replaced if disproved?
Yes
List the 8 characteristics of living things
made of cells
based on a universal genetic code
grow and develop
obtain and use materials and energy
respond to environment
maintain homeostasis
evolve over time
______________ is the process by which organisms keep their internal conditions fairly constant
homeostasis
Cell ___________ in multicellular organisms allows cells to perform different functions.
specialization
8 levels of organization beginning with largest
biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, group of cells, cells, molecules
___________ are the smallest unit of life
cells
___________ of ___________ make of tissues, organs, and organ systems
groups of cells
___________ are individual living things
organisms
A(n) ___________ is a group of organisms of one type that live int he same area
population
A (n)___________ is made up of populations that live together in a defined area.
community
A(n) ___________ is made up of a community and its non-living surroundings
ecosystem
The ___________ is the part of Earth that contains all the ecosystems (land, water, & air on earth)
biosphere
In the metric system, the basic unit of length is ___________
meters
In the metric system, the basic unit of volume is ___________
liters
In the metric system, the basic unit of mass is ___________
grams
In the metric system the basic unit of temperature is ___________
Celsius
An instrument that allows light to pass through the specimen and uses 2 lenses to form an image is a(n) ___________ ___________ ___________
compound light microscope
A ___________ ___________ is the term given to a group of cells that develop from a single original cell
cell culture
A ___________ is an instrument used in the laab to separate cell parts according to density
centrifuge
A scientist might use a(n) ___________ ___________ microscope to observe a small living organism
compound light
___________ procedures include all of the following: read all steps before beginning, follow teacher's instructions, & follow textbook directions exactly
safety
Because you cannot always see some of the organisms you come into contact with during a lab, you should always ___________ ___________ ___________ thoroughly after an activity
wash your hands
A(n) ___________ is the smallest particle that cannot be divided (aka the basic unit of matter)
atom
3 particles that make up an atom
protons, neutrons, electrons
Space surrounding the nucleus of an atom contains ___________
electrons
The nucleus of an atom is made up of ___________ & ___________
protons and neutrons
A(n) ___________ is composed of all the same type of atoms
element
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of ___________ but a different number of ___________
protons, neutrons
All isotopes of an element have the same ___________ properties, because they have the same number of protons and electrons
chemical
If a carbon atom had 6 protons and 7 neutrons, it would be called ___________
Carbon-13
If an atom contains 10 protons and 11 neutrons, its atomic number is ___________
10
4 uses for radioactive isotopes
determine rock/fossil ages by analyzing their isotopes, detect/treat cancer, kill bacteria that causes food to spoil, uses labels/tracers to follow moments of substances with in organisms
___________ electrons are available to form bonds
valence
What type of ion forms when an atom loses an electron?
positive
What type of ion forms when an atom gains an electron
negative
An atoms that has gained or lost an electron is known as a(n)
ion
A molecule of water contains 2 atoms of ___________ and 1 atom of ___________
hydrogen, oxygen
Chemical formula for water
H2O
Chemical formula for salt
NaCl
A ___________ is a substance formed by the combination of 2 or more elements in definite proportions
compound
A(n) ___________ bond is formed as a result of sharing electrons
covalent
A(n) ___________ bond is formed as a result of transferring electrons
ionic
A(n) ___________ bond is relatively weak and forms btw hydrogen atoms
hydrogen
List the following types of chemical bonds in order from weakest to strongest attraction: ionic, hydrogen, covalent
hydrogen, covalent, ionic
A water molecule is ___________ because there is an uneven distribution of electrons btw the oxygen and ___________ atoms
polar, hydrogen
Which atom(s) in water (hydrogen or oxygen) are slightly more negative? ___________. Which atom(s) are slightly more positive? ___________
oxygen, hydrogen
A ___________ is an evenly distributed mixture of 2 or more substances
solution
A ___________ is a mixture in which the components are unevenly distributed throughout the solution
suspension
___________ are mixtures of water and non-dissolved materials
Suspensions
Stirring salt into boiling water creates a mixture called a ___________
solution
the pH scale is a measurement system that indicates the concentration of ___________ in a solution
H+ ions
___________ are the solutions that contain concentrations of H+ ions lower than our water
Bases
___________ are solutions that contain concentrations of H+ ions higher than pure water
acids
pH anywhere btw 1-6
acid
pH anywhere btw 8-14
base
pH value of 2 would be a strong ___________
acid
pH value of 13 would be a strong ___________
base
pH value of 6 would be a weak ___________
acid
pH value of 8 would be a weak ___________
base
When salt is dissolved in water, water is the ___________ and salt is the ___________
solvent, solute
When hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water, water is the ___________ and hydrogen and oxygen are the ___________
product, reactant
Ice floats on water because water ___________ when it freezes
expands
___________ is the most abundant compound in most living things
water
___________ are organic compounds used as the main source of energy for living things
carbohydrates
amino acid -> ___________ ; simple ___________ -> starch
proteins, sugars
Proteins do the following:
Help fight ___________
Control the rate of ___________
Regulate ___________ processes
Form bones and ___________
Are made of ___________ ___________
disease, reaction, cell, muscles, amino acids
In chemical reactions, atoms are ___________ but never created or destroyed
changed/rearranged
True of false....Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously
true
Energy in the following forms may be released in chemical reactions:
heat, light, sound, waves
___________ energy is the energy needed to get a reaction started
activation
Enzymes affect the reactions in living cells by changing the ___________ of the reaction
rate
Chemical reactions that ___________ energy will not occur with out a source of energy
absorb
True or false: All catalysts are enzymes
false
True or false: Catalysts slow down chemical reactions
false
True or false: Catalysts speed up chemical reactions
true
True or false: Catalysts can lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction
true
True or false: enzymes are proteins
true
True or false: Enzymes work best at a specified pH
true
True or false: ALL enzymes work inside cells
false
True or false: enzymes are organic catalysts
true
____________ is the branch of Biology dealing with interactions among organisms & btw organisms & their environment
ecology
the __________ is the combined parts of the earth in which living things exist.
biosphere
All the members of a species that live in one area are called a __________
population
The __________ is the original source of almost all energy in most ecosystems
sun
A __________ is an organism that uses energy to produce its own food
producer
An autotroph uses energy from the __________ or __________ to make food
sun or chemicals
Plants are examples of
producers
A __________ is an organism that cannot make its own food
consumer
Organism that feeds on only plants
herbivore
organism that feeds on only meat
carnivore
Organism that feeds on plants and animals
omnivore
All the interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem make up a __________ __________
food web
Repeated movement of water btw earth's surface and the atmosphere is called the __________ __________
water cycle
4 nutrients that are cycles in the biosphere
carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen, water
Is energy recycled?
no
__________ __________ is the process by which bacteria converts nitrogen into ammonia
nitrogen fixation
What organism carries out nitrogen fixation?
bacteria/prokaryotes
__________ factors are the living things in the environments. Give 2 examples.
animals, plants
__________ factors are the non-living things in the environments. Give 2 examples.
air, heat (rocks, water, etc.)
An interaction in which one organism captures & feeds on another organism is called __________
predation
A symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit is called __________
mutualism
A symbiotic relationship in which one member benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed is called __________
commensalism
A symbiotic relationship in which one member benefits and the other is harmed is called __________
parasitism
3 points to the cell theory
all living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things, new cells are produced from existing cells
___________ do NOT have a nucleus.
Prokaryotes
Give an example of a prokaryote
bacteria
___________ have a NUCLEUS that contains GENETIC MATERIAL & other SPECIALIZED membrane covered ORGANELLES
eukaryotes
Give an example of a eukaryote.
plants (animals, people, etc.)
List 2 organelles/structures you would expect to find in a typical plant cell but NOT in an animal cell.
chloroplasts and cell wall
The main function of the cell wall is to ___________ and ___________ the cell
support and protect
The cell wall is made up of tough
fibers/cellulose
In an animal cell the ___________ ___________ serves as a boundary from the environment.
cell membrane
The function of the cell membrane is to regulate what materials ___________ and ___________ the cell
enters and leaves
The cell membrane contains channels and pumps made of ___________
proteins
The ___________ stores DNA, contains all of the info to make proteins, and controls most of the cell's processes
nucleus
Is the cytoplasm found in the nucleus?
no
___________ make proteins using instructions from the nucleus.
Ribosomes
___________ break down food into molecules the cell can use
lysosomes
___________ converts the chemical energy stored in food into molecules the cell can use
Mitochondria
___________ & ___________ each help to provide energy cell.
chloroplasts and mitochondria
The ___________ helps the cell maintain its shape, helps the cell move, and helps organelles move with in the cell
cytoskeleton
List the 2 structures that make up the cytoskeleton and help carry out cell movement
microfilaments and microtubules
___________ is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until a state of ___________ is reached
diffusion, equilibrium
Why does diffusion occur?
random particle movement (molecules constantly move and collide with each other)
When the concentration of substances is the same of both sides of the membrane, will the molecules continue moving across the membrane in both directions? _______
Why or why not?
Yes; the particles never stop moving and there is no net movement
___________ is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
osmosis
___________ ___________ requires input of energy from the cell
active transport
What does osmotic pressure do to an animal cell placed in fresh water? ___________ why? ___________
it bursts, water moves in and it swells
___________ ___________ refers to cells having different jobs in an organism
cell specialization
Which organisms have specialized cells? Unicellular or multicellular
Multicellular
Levels of organization in a multicellular organism from simple to most complex.
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
A red blood cell carries out ___________ in cell specialization
oxygen
Muscle cells control movement of ___________ in the body in cell specialization.
materials
In cell specialization, a pancreatic cell produces ___________-___________ enzymes
protein digesting
___________ are groups of similar cells that work together to perform a particular funtion
tissues
___________ are groups of tissues that work together to perform a particular function
organs
A(n) ___________ ___________ is a group of organs that work together to perform a particular function
organ system
___________ are organisms that make their own food
autotrophs
Example of an autotroph.
plants (algae, etc.)
___________ are organisms that cannot make their own food
heterotrophs
Example of a heterotroph.
animals (humans, etc.)
What is the difference btw an ATP molecule and an ADP molecule?
ADP molecule has 2 phosphate groups
How do your body cells replenish ATP?
eating/breaking down carbohydrates
Energy is released from ATP when
a phosphate group is removed (the bonds break)
ATP provides ___________ for the mechanical function of cells.
energy
What color is chlorophyll?
green
Plants appear green because chlorophyll does not absorb ___________ light.
green
Light absorbing molecules in plants are called ___________
pigments
___________ is the process that uses sunlight to convert water & carbon dioxide into oxygen & high energy sugars and starches
photosynthesis
Where in the chloroplast is chlorophyll found?
thylakoids
What region of the visible spectrum is not absorbed well by chlorophyll?
green
___________ are photosynthetic membranes inside chloroplasts.
Thylakoids
Where in the chloroplast are Photosystems I and II?
thylakoid membrane
___________ are stacks of thylakoids
grana
The ___________ is the region outside the thylakoids.
stroma
First step in photosynthesis.
Pigments in photosystem II absorb light
2 main phases of photosynthesis
light dependent and light independent reactions
Where do the light-dependent reactions take place?
thylakoid membranes
3 products of the light-dependent reaction
oxygen, ATP, NADPH
What gas product is given off by plants in the light dependent reactions?
oxygen
Light dependent reactions: Pigments in ___________ absorb light
Photosystem II
Light dependent reactions: ___________ is broken apart & ___________ is released
water, oxygen
Light dependent reactions: High energy ___________ move though the electron transport chain
electrons
Light dependent reactions: ___________ allows H+ ions to pass through the thylakoid membrane forming ATP
ATP synthase
Flow of electrons during photosynthesis beginning with water
water, nadph, calvin cycle
The calvin cycle is also known as the ___________ reactions
light-independent
Where does the calvin cycle take place?
stroma
What is the product of the calvin cycle?
high-energy sugars
What chemical is used to make sugars in the Calvin Cycle?
carbon dioxide
The electrons that chlorophyll loses to the electron transport chain are replenished by ___________ molecules
water
Products of respiration
carbon dioxide, water, ATP
Reactants of respiration
oxygen and glucose
Is energy released during cell respiration?
yes
3 stages of cellular respiration in the correct order
glycolysis, krebs cycle/citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
How many molecules of ATP are produced from cellular respiration?
36
Cellular respiration occurs only in the presence of ___________
oxygen
Does cellular respiration occur in animals only or all living things?
all living things
___________ is the process that converts glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
Glycolysis
Food molecules that you eat are changed into ___________
glucose
Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down ___________ ___________
food molecules
___________ is the starting of molecule for glycolysis
glucose
Where does glycolysis take place?
cytoplasm
3 main products of glycolysis
NADH, ATP, Pyruvic acid
Electron transport chains are found in all living things
true
How many ATP molecules are produced from glycolysis?
2
In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is followed by the ___________ cycle
Krebs
The ___________ cycle is also known as the Citric acid cycle
krebs
What is the starting molecule for the krebs cycle?
Pyruvic acid
What does the Krebs cycle produce?
electron carriers (or NADH + FADH^2)
NADH & FADH^2 are known as ___________ carriers because they pass high energy electrons into the electron transport chain
electron
The ___________ ___________ chain is a series of carrier proteins
electron transport
Where does electron transport occur (in eukaryotes)?
mitochondrion
Why is cellular respiration considered to be an aerobic process?
requires oxygen
If oxygen is not present after glycolysis, what happens?
fermentation
2 main types of fermentation
alcoholic and lactic acid
The conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid requires what molecule?
NADH+
___________ ___________ fermentation occurs in muscle cells and causes soreness.
lactic acid
Certain foods are created with ___________ acid fermentation. Give an example.
lactic, yogurt
3 sources of energy your body uses during exercise (in the order they are used)
ATP, lactic acid, and cell respiration
Breathing heavily after a race is the body's way of putting back ___________
oxygen
How does the body generate ATP if you need to exercise longer than 90 seconds?
cell respiration
Where does the energy needed to win a 2 minute race come from? ___________ ___________ fermentation
lactic acid
If you want to control your weight, how long should you exercise aerobically each time you exercise?
15-20 minutes
Which process releases energy more slowly: Cellular respiration or fermentation
cell respiration
Which of the following release energy from glucose? Photosynthesis, glycolysis, fermentation, cellular respiration (list all that apply)
glycolysis, fermentation, cell respiration
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration compatible with one another?
all eukaryotic products of photosynthesis are reactants of cell respiration and vice versa; photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast, respiration occurs in the mitochondria