Id
According to Freud, the primitive psychic force hidden in the unconscious. It represents the basic needs and drives on which other personality factors are built. Involves all of the basic instincts that people need to survive.
Ego
According to Freud,the rational component of the mind. Operating to the reality principle, it evaluates consequences and determines courses of action in a rational manner.
Preconscious
According to Freud, the level of awareness that contains material just beneath the surface of conscious awareness that can easily be retrieved.
Unconscious
According to Freud, thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior.
Conscious or Superego
Freud's term for our current perceptions and thoughts. These develop between 3 and 5. It's main function is to determine whether something is right or wrong.
Five Stages of psychosexual development
1. Oral Stage
2. Anal Stage
3. Phallic Stage
4. Latency Stage
5. Genital Stage
Oral Stage
Extends from birth to 18 months. The primary activities of a child are centered around feeding and the organs (mouth, lips, and tongue) associated with that function. Feeding is considered to be an important area of conflict and a child's attention is foc
Anal Stage
Phase between 18 months and 3 years. Child's activities are mainly focused on giving wand withholding, primarily connected with retaining and passing feces.
Phallic Stage
Phase extends from 3 through 5. The child's attention shifts to the genitals.
Boys encounter the Oedipus complex when he falls sexually in love with his mother.
Girls undergo Electra complex during which they fall sexually in love with their fathers.
Latency Stage
Usually begins at the the time with the Oedipus/Electra complexes are resolved and ends with puberty. The sexual instinct is relatively unaroused during this stage.
Genital Stage
Occurs from puberty to death. Involves mature sexuality. Freud emphasizes work ethic being necessary to attaining life's goals.
3 Ways to evaluate theory
1. Evaluate the theory's application to client situations.
2. Evaluate the research supporting the theory.
3. Evaluate the extent to which the theory coincides with social work values and ethics.
4. Evaluate the existence and validity of other comparable
Dual Perspective
Can provide insight, especially about people who belong to groups outside of the majority population.
In this perspective, "all people adapt to and interact with two environments: (1) the nurturing environment and the larger environment of white people, o
Worldview
concerns "one's perceptions of oneself in relation to other people, objects, institutions, and nature."
relates to one's view of the world and one's role and place in it.
Empowerment
the process of increasing personal, interpersonal, or political power so that individuals can take action to improve their life situations
Strengths Perspective
Social work practice focused on helping client systems tap into the strengths within them...focused on concrete tasks and objectives.
Piaget's theory on how people learn
Piaget believed that all people learn how to think in the same way. They all go through various stages of how they think as they develop. As people grow older they begin to think in more complex and abstract ways.
Used observation of his own children as t
Zone of proximal development
the difference between what a learner can accomplish independently and what he or she can accomplish with the guidance and encouragement of a more skilled partner."
example: an adult allowing a young child to try a new activity and providing guidance and
Research regarding the existence of Freud's theoretical constructs
research does not support either the existence of Freud's theoretical constructs or the effectiveness of his therapeutic method.
Positive Reinforcement
Positive events or consequences that follow a behavior and strengthen it.
Operant Conditioning
A type of learning in which behaviors are influenced primarily by the consequences that follow them.
is one of the dominant types of learning focused on in the U.S.
emphasizes consequences of behavior.
Involves:
Antecedents: the events occurring immediate
Extinction process
The process whereby reinforcement for a behavior stops, resulting in the eventual decrease in frequency and possible eradication of that behavior.
Example: Parents put a child to be at night and the child screams until the parent comes back to comfort him
Respondent conditioning
Responses that develop when a person learns to respond to a new stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response.
Negative Reinforcement
involves the removal a negative event or consequence that serves to increase the frequency of a behavior.
Social Reinforces
Include words and gestures used to indicate caring and concern toward another person. They can be communicated either verbally or physically.
Indicators of child abuse
1. Extremely passive, accommodating, submissive behaviors aimed at preserving a low profile and avoiding potential conflict with parents that exceptionally calm and docile. Behavior is sometimes called hypervigilance.
2. Notably aggressive behaviors and m
Clues that child abuse has occurred
1. Bruises
2. Lacerations
3. Fractures
4. Burns
5. Head injuries
6. Internal injuries
Nonorganic failure to thrive syndrome (NFTT)
Occurs in infancy. It is characterized by the infants who are "below the fifth percentile in weight and often in height
5 phases of sexual abuse
1. Engagement: the perpetrator will experiment with the child to see how close he can get and how the child will react.
2. Sexual interaction: Sexual activity in various degrees of intimacy occurs during this phase.
3. Secrecy: Sexual acitivity has alread
Sexual abuse-strangers vs. family/friends
An estimated 60-70 percent of sexual abuse occurs within the family. Only 5-15 percent is committed by strangers.
Puberty in girls
Most begin between ages 9 and 12.
Early maturing in boys
Especially those maturing in seventh grade or earlier, tend to experience a range of negative consequences. They are more likely to experience hostility, nervousness, and depression than are boys who mature at the average time.
Because such boys look olde
Factors that put adolescents at risk for alcohol/substance abuse
1. Environmental Factors: including poverty, inadequate education, high unemployment, lack of positive role models, and absence of opportunity can place pressure on young people to escape through mind-altering substances.
2. Peer influences or pressure: I
Percent of women under age 16 who failed to use contraception.
45 %
Comprehensive sex education goals
The Sex Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS) recommends the following 4 goals:
1. Information: Sexuality information seeks to provide accurate information about human sexuality including growth and development, human reproductio
Primary sex characteristics
those directly related to the sex organs and reproduction. They have a direct role in reproduction.
Secondary sex characteristics
those traits that distinguish the genders from each other but play no direct role in reproduction. These include menstruation, hair growth, development of breasts, growth of reproductive organs, voice changes, skin changes, and nocturnal emissions.
Rates of alcohol use amongst 8th-12th graders
More than 17% of 8th graders say they have drunk
Almost 40% of 10th graders alcohol.
More than 45% of 12th graders
Patterns of sexual activity- race vs ethnicity vs poverty
African American (AA) teenagers are more likely to have sexual intercourse than are their white and Hispanic counterparts. Differences in patterns of sexual activity may relate more to poverty than to race or ethnicity. AA raised in affluent homes are mor
The effects of giving adolescents information about sex
Providing adolescents with information about sex allows them them to make responsible decisions about their own sexual behavior and avoid ignorant mistakes.
Sex education and parents
93% of parents of junior high age students and 91% of senior high age students indicate that "it is very or somewhat important to include sexuality education as part of the school curriculum.
Crises
the society in which one lives making certain psychic demands at each state of development. (Erikson)
Erikson's 8 stages of developement
Stage 1: Basic trust vs Basic mistrust: Infant to 18 months- Important Event: Feeding
Stage 2: Autonomy vs Shame and D
psychosocial Moratorium
a period of free experimentation before a final sense of identity is achieved (Erikson).
Marcia's categories of identity
1. identity achievement: a period of intense decision making after which one develops a personalized st of values and make their career decisions. This is the most beneficial of the four stages.
2. Foreclosure: People who fall into this stage are the only
Criticisms of Kohlberg's theory
1. Kohlberg places a primary emphasis on how people think, not on what they do.
2. Dilemmas are posed in an abstract manner that requires a high level of verbal competence in order to answer them.
3. It is culturally biased.
Religion
a set of beliefs and practices of an organized religious institution.
Spirituality
one's values, beliefs, mission, awareness, subjectivity, experience, sense of purpose and direction, and a kind of striving toward something greater than oneself. I may or may not include a deity.
Erikson's and Marcia's theories relevance for lesbians and gays
they only have limited relevance for gay and lesbian identity development.
Gilligan - care vs justice
Found that women tend to view morality "based on an ethics of caring rather than on a morality of justice.
Anorexia nervosa
a disorder characterized by the excessive pursuit of thinness through voluntary starvation. Features excessive thinness, intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, a distorted body image and amenorrhea (cessation of menses)
95% are females
Onset usua
Bulimia
A binge-purge cycle that is triggered not by physical hunger but by emotional upset.
The usual age for onset is late adolescence or early adulthood.
Compulsive over-eater
overweight individual who has the irresistible urge to consume excessive amounts of food for no nutritional reason.
Consequences of being labeled mentally ill
1. The person believes that he or she has a disease for which there is no known cure.
2. Gives the person an excuse for not taking responsibility for his o he actions.
3. The disturbed frequently idle away their time waiting for someone to discover a cure
Status offenses
acts that are defined as illegal if committed by juveniles but not if committed by adults. Include running away from home, being truant from school, violating curfew, having sexual relations. be ungovernable, and being beyond the control of parents.
Occult Gangs
gangs that become involved in devil worship.
Conflict Gangs
gangs that are turf-oriented and will engage in violent conflict with individuals or rival groups that invade their neighborhood or that commit acts that they consider degrading or insulting. Respect is highly valued and defended. Hispanics are heavily re
Retreatist Gangs
gangs whose focus is on getting "high" or "loaded" on alcohol, cocaine, marijuana, heroin, or other drugs. Individuals tend to join this type of gang for continued access to drugs.
Criminal Gangs
Primary goal is material gain through criminal activities. Drug trafficking of rock cocaine is presently a ,major source of income for criminal gangs.
Treatment for eating disorders
usually has the following three goals:
1. resolution of the psychosocial and family dynamics that led to the development of the eating disorder
2. provision of the medical services to correct any medical problems that resulted from starving, binging and p
Recreational-Skills group
objective is to provide improve a set of skills while providing enjoyment. Has an adviser, coach, or instructor. it is more task oriented.
Educational Group
helps members acquire knowledge
Problem-solving group
use group meetings for objectives such as developing a treatment plan for clients, deciding how to best allocate scarce resources, deciding how to improve the delivery of services to clients, arriving at policy decisions for the agency, and deciding how t
sensitivity group
seeks to foster increased personal and interpersonal awareness and then develop more effective interaction patterns.
These groups generally do not attempt to identify and change specific emotional or personal problems.
socialization group
Objective is usually to develop or change attitudes and behaviors of group members to become more socially acceptable.
Social skill development, increasing self-confidence, and planning for the future are other goals.
Leadership of these groups requires c
Stages of the Garland, Jones, and Kolodny model of group development
Seeks to describe the kinds of problems that commonly arise as groups begin to form and continue to develop.
1: preaffiliation: members are ambivalent about joining the group. Interaction is guarded.
2: Power and control: patterns of communication emerge,
Thomas Szasz regarding the medical model and labeling of the mentally ill
one of the first authorities to assert that mental illness is a myth and that it does not exist. He categorized all of the so-called mental illnesses into three types of emotional disorders.
1. Personal disabilities, such as excessive anxiety, depression,
Kohlberg's moral development theory stages and levels
Level 1: Preconventional: (Self-Interest): Controls are external.
Stage 1: Punishment and obedience orientation: Behavior is governed by receiving rewards or punishments.
Stage 2: Naive instrumental hedonism: Decisions concerning what is good or bad are m