chills
Contrary to popular belief, ______ are a sign that body temperature is rising.
basophil
______ are circulating granulocytes that comprise about 0.5-1% of our leukocyte population; most cells in connective tissues are functionally similar.
pyrogens
_____ are chemical signals released from phagocytes ( such as interleukin-1) that trigger fever.
cascade
the activation of the complement system of proteins is described as a _______, because each step triggers the next step
thymus
T lymphocytes were named T because the mature in the ________
allergies
increased numbers of eosinophils indicate ______ or parasitic worm infections
Tonsil
Lymphoid tissues in the oropharynx include _____ and adenoids
Antibodies
acquired immunity is aimed at one particular microbe, takes time to develop after exposure, invloves cells called lymphocytes and special tailor-made protein molecules called ________
Lymph nodes
_____ ______ are masses of lympoid tissues scattered around the body, but more concentrated in the neck armpits and groin
phagocytosis
neutrophils and macrophages are both capable of _____( cell eating) to rid the tissues of foreign invaders
Lymphoid
Cells of the immune system include blood and _____ tissues
polymorphonuclear
Neutrophils are also called PMNs because of the numerous forms of their nucleus; PMN stands for ______ leukocytes
granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils are leukocytes grouped together as ______
histamine
_______ is released by mast cells or basophils when tissue damage occursl it initiates inflammation by causing vasodilation and increased capillary permeability in the affected area
thrombocytes
______ also called platelets are fragments of cytoplasm pinched off of large cell in the red bone marrow called a megakaryotic
systemic
fever is a _____ physiological response to microbe invasion; an increase in body temperature helps to denature proteins of bacteria and viruses.
ciliary escalator
The ___ _____ refers to the ciliated mucous membrane lining the trachea and its abilty to move trapped particles upward
Mast
Damaged ____ cells( in loose areolar connective tissue) release histamine, leukotrienes and prostaglandins to initiate inflamation following tissue injury
innate
nonspecific defense mechanism are _______ (inborn)
GUT
GALT stands for _____ - associated lymphoid tissue
caspase
Natrual killer cells release granules of perforin and granzyme onto their target cell; perfoin enables grannzyme to enter the cel where it activates _____ enzymes that cause death of the cell
burst
An oxygen _______ occurs inside the phagolysosome to activate enzymes for the digestion of its contents.
skin
unbroken ______is a great germ barrier because it is thick, keratinized and cells are tightly spot-welded together by desmosomes.
Prostaglandins
Mast cells and basophils release granules of histamine, leuktrienes and _______
erythema
_______ redness is one of the signs of inflammation; due to increase blood flow to the site of infection
pathogenesis
_____ is the study of how diseases develop ; determining signs and symptoms of diseases.
immunlogy
_____ is the study of how the body defends itself against invading organism
GALT
Peyers patches of the small intestine form the gut-associated lymphoid tissues, abbreviated _______
spleen
secondary lymphoid tissues include the tonsils. adenoids, lymph nodes, appendix and ______
plasma
Blood ____ contains fibrinogen so it can clot; blood serum does not
calor
localized heat aka ______ is one of the signs of inflammation
sweat
_______ is released by glands in the skin; its salt content causes bacteria to shrivel up and die
mucous
____- membranes line all entrances and exists of the body; respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reporductive
plasma
55% of blood volume is ______, which is over 90% water
lysosome
A cell orgenelle called a ____ contains numerous enzymes called acid hydrolases; during phagocytosis it fuses with a phagosome to form a phagolysosome to help digest the engulf microbe
lobes
a neutrophil nucleus has 3,4,or 5 ______
neutrophils
_____are the first cells to arrive at the site of infection because they arrive by blood; they are voracious phagocytes and engulf so many bacteria the they die and become the major component of pus.
phagosome
During phagocytosis, the membrane-bound sac contain the microbe or particle following ingestion is called a _______
inflammation
______is a localized physiological response to any type of tissue injury
Hypothalamus
The _____ is the part of the brain that controls body temperature; when it detects pyrogens ( such as interleukin-1) it resets the body temperatue resulting in fever
pus
_____ is composed mostly of dead neutrophils at the site infection
etiology
_____ is the sudy of the cause of diseases
sebaceous
_____glands of the skin release sebum (a fatty secretion) that maintains a fairly low ph 4-6 on the skin surface
localized
inflammation is a _____ physiological response to any type of tissue injury
opsonization
______ is a result of complement activation where fragments of complement proteins bind to a bacterial capsule to promote phagocytosis of the microbe; actually means to prepare for dinner.
appendix
Secondary lymphoid tissues include the tonsils, adenoids, lymph nodes, _____ and spleen
hemocytoblast
A_______ is a stem cell in bone marrow that continually divides and gives rise to all of the blood cell types.
inflammation
degranulation of a mast cell or basophil initiates ______
interferon
_______ is an antiviral cytokine made by virus-infected cells; it is host species specific, but not virus specific
epidemiology
_____is the study of the spread of disease in a population
genetic
______resistance is the least understood type of disease resistance; it includes species, racial, sexual, and individual level.
Diapedesis
_______ refers to neutrophils squeezing through capillary walls to reach the site if infection
Cytokinesis
_____ are chemical messages released by cells to communicate with others cells; examples include lymphokines released by lymphocytes, monokines released by moncytes, and interferon released by virally infected cells
Margination
when neutrophils adhere to the capillay walls nearest to tissue injury it is called______
Histiocytes
fixed macrophages are located in lymphoid tissues where they clean and filter wastes; examples include _____ in connective tissues, Kupffer cells in liver tissue, and microglia in nerve tissue.
wandering
______ macrophages migrate to the site of infection to phagocytize remaining invaders and any injured host cells.
increased
histamine causes _____capillary permeability
Agranulocytes
B and T lymphocytes are sometimes grouped together as ______
crisis
______ is the end point of fever; marked by vasodilation and profuse sweating
infection
______ refers to invasion and growth of pathogens in a host
lymphocytes
_______-are agranulocytes that comprise about 20-25% of the leukocyte population; B varieties produce antibodies and T varieties are involved in cellular immunity.
differential
a ________ white blood cell count calculates the percentages of the different types of leukocytes; a change in percentage may indicate an infection or disease.
leukopenia
a total white blood cell count of 2500/ml is a condition called ____
plasma
edema (swelling) due to increased _____ leakage from capillary beds at the site if infection, is one sign of inflammation
edema
_________(swelling) due to increased plasma leakage from capillary beds at the site infection is one sign of inflammation
Eosinphils
___________are granulocytes that make up 2-4% of the leukocyte population; percentage increases in the presence of parasitic worms and during allergic reactions
itching
during inflammation, excess plasma leaks out of the local capillary beds and stimulates stretch receptors, resulting in ______
thymus
A lymphoid tissue called the ______ gland is located in the upper thoracic cavity unti about age 21
complement
______ is a defense system consisting of about 20 serum proteins that helps by promoting phagocytosis, initiating inflammation and causing cytosis pf foreign cells.
sneezing
One innate immune response is _______; a forceful outward movement of air from the nasal passaways
keratin
_______is the main protein of epidermis that makes it a tough, waterproof layer
Acuired
______immunity is aimed at one particuler microbe, takes time to develop after exporsure, and invloves trained armies of cells called lymphocytes and antibody molecules.
cold
a pyrogen like interleukin I suppresses the heatsensing neuron in the hypothalamus and stimulates the _____ sensing ones to raise body temperature
associated
GALT stands for gut- _______lymphoid tissue
sebum
sebaceous glands of the skin release ____ ( a fatty secretion) that maintains a fairly low ph 4-6 on the skin surface
natural killer
_____ ______ cells killed any anti-bodied coated cell by releasing granules of perforin and granzyme onto the cell; perforin enables granzyme to enter the cell where it activates caspase enzymes that cause apoptosis of the cell.
Metchnikoff
in 1882,Elie _____ observed and named phagocytosis and proposed the idea that it occurs in our bodies to destroy germs
chemotaxis
_____refers to phagocyte migration to the site of infection by dectecting chemical signals
red bone marrow
B lymphocytes mature in the _____ _____ ______ and in GALT
Leukocytes
_____ are white blood cells
granzyme
natrual killer cells release granules of perforin and ______ onto their target cell; perforin enables ____ to enter the cell where it activates caspase enzymes that cause apoptosis of the cell
megakaryocyte
the _____ is a big cell in the red bone marrow that fragments repeatedly to form thrombocytes
mast
________cells in loose areolar connective tissue are functionaly similar to basophils in the blood; degranulation initiates inflammation
aspirin
it is not a good idea to take ____ during a viral illness because it inhibits interferon production
perforin
Natrual killer cells release granules of _____ and granzyme onto their target cell; ______ enables granzyme to enter the cell where it activates caspase enzymes that cause apoptosis of the cell.
pathogens
_______ are disease causing organism that have special properties enabling them to invade the body successfully
Leukocytosis
a total white blood count of 18000/ml is a condition called
Peyer'sPatches
GALT tissue in birds is called the Bursa of fabricius; in humans, it is called_____ ____
Neutrohils
______ are granulocytes that make up 60-70% of the leukocyte population; great mobility and phagocyte activity; also called PMNs because of the varied shape of their nucleus
Apoptosis
activation of capase ensymes results in _____. sometimes it is genetically triggered and results in programmed cell death
macrophage
when circulating monocytes leave the blood and enter the tissues they become
microglia
Fixed macrophage are located in lymphoid tissues where they clean and filter wasters; examples include
monocyte
_______ are circulating leukocytes that become macrophage when they leave the blood and enter the connective tissues
vaso
_____ constriction of surface vessels occurs during development of fever, but ______ dilatation occurs after the crisis to help bring the temperature back down to normal.
Bursa of Fabricius
B lymphocytes were originally discovered in gut-associated- lymphoid- tissue in birds called the ____ ____ _____; similar to our Peyers patches
positive
neutrophils and macrophages respond toward chemical signals of damaged tissues; this is called ______ chemotaxis
lysozome
_____is an antibacterial enzyme found in saliva, mucous, and tears.
erythrocytes
______ are the most numerous blood cells, averaging 4-6 million/ml of blood
cytolysis
complement is a defense system consisting of about 20 serum proteins that helps by promoting phagocytosis initiating inflammation and causing ____ of foreign cells
physiological
We have two important _____ responses to tissue injury or infection; inflammation is localized while fever is systemic
capsule
opsonization is a result of complement activation where fragments of complement proteins bind to a bacterial ____ to promote phagocytosis; actually means to prepare for dinner.
kupffer
Fixed macrophage are located in lymphoid tissues where they clean and filter wastes; examples include histiocytes in connective tissues, ________ cells in liver tissues, and microalgia in nerve tissue
Phagocytosis
_______ is a process of engulfing an invading microbe that includes adsorption, ingestion, digestion and egestion.
heat
A pyrogen like interleukin I suppresses the _____-sensing neurons in the hypothalamus and stimulates the cold-sensing ones to raise body temperature.
disease
______ occurs when infection results in a change of health
specific
Acuired immunity is also referred to as _____ because it is directed at one particular invader
degranulation
The release of histamine and other chemical from mast cells or basophils is called ____
domino
The complement cascade is often likened to a ______ effect where each step triggers the next step in sequence
Leukotrienes
mast cells and basophils release granules of histamine, _____ and prostaglandins
nonspecific
innate immunity aka ____ immunity is inborn and works against many foreign invaders; it involves physical barriers, physiological responses such as fever and inflammation and phagocytes
pain
_____ is a sign of inflammation caused by increased pressure on nerve endings due to edema
coughing
one innate immune response is _____; a forceful upward and outward movement of air from the lower respiratory tract.
pathology
____ is the study of disease, including the cause, the manner in which it develops and its effects on the body
clot
Blood plasma contains fibrinogen so it can _____; blood serum does not.
fever
_____ is a systemic physiological response to microbe invasion; an increase in body temperature helps to denature protiens of bacteria virues
fixed
______macrophage are located in lymphoid tissues where they clean and filter wastes; examples include histiocytes in connective tissues, Kupffer cells in liver tissue and microglia in nerve tissue.
appendix
Lympoid tissues in the oropharynx include tonsils and ______
worm
increased numbers of eosinophils indicate allergies or parasites____infections
isthmus
a narrow______ joins each lobe of a neutrophils nucleus to the next lobe.