Nurs 100 - Chap 23 - Musculoskeletal System

bones

support and provide framework for soft tissues and organs of the body, protection, levers for movement

long bones

femur and humerus

short bones

carpals and tarsals

flat bones

parietal bone of the skull, sternum, and ribs

irregular bones

vertebrae and hip bones

bone composition

osseous tissue arranged in dense, smooth, compact, or cancellous structure

skeletal muscles

elongated muscle cells / striated bands attached to skeletal bones / typically under conscious control / provide movement, maintain posture, generate body heat

joints

articulation / point where two or more bones meet / can be joined by fibrous tissue

cartilaginous joints

bones joined by catilage, e.g vertebrae

synovial joints

bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity / freedom of movement / all limb joints

ligaments

bands of flexible tissue attaching bone to bone

bursae

synovial-fluid filled sacs / protect ligaments from friction

tendons

fibrous bands attaching muscle to bone or muscle to muscle

tendon sheaths

fluid-filled bursae / protects joints from damage

temporomandibular joint

allows speaking and chewing / opens and closes jaw / protraction and retraction of lower jaw / side to side movement of lower jaw

shoulder

ball and socket joint / supported by rotary cuff / scapula, acromion process, tubercle of humerus, coracoid process

elbow

hinge joint / flexion and extension of forearm / supination and pronation of forearm

carpus

the wrist

hip

ball and socket joint / rounded head of femur / iliac crest, trochanter of femur, anterior inferior iliac spine

acetabulum

round cavity on right and left lateral sides of pelvic bone / connects to femur

plane joint

slipping or gliding movements / intercarpal, intertarsal joints, articular process of the ribs

hinge joint

convex part of one bone fits into concave depression of other bone / flexion and extension only / elbow and knee

pivot joint

round end of one bone protrudes into a ring of bone or ligaments / rotation of the bone around its own long axis only / atlas and axis of neck

condyloid joint

oval surfaces of two bones fit together / flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction / wrist joints

saddle joint

each bone has concave and convex areas / opposing surfaces fit together / flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction / carpometacarpal joints of thumb

ball and socket joint

ball shaped head of one bone fits into concave socket of another / movement in all axes and planes with rotation / shoulder and hip joints only

gliding movement

simplest movement / one bone surface glides or slips over another

flexion

bending movement / decreases angle of joint

extension

increased angle of articulating bones

hyperextension

bending of joint beyond 180 degrees

dorsiflexion

flexion of the ankle so that the superior aspect of the foot approaches shin

plantar flexion

extension of ankle / pointing of toes

abduction

movement of limb away from midline of body / spreading apart fingers or toes

adduction

movement of limb toward midline of body

circumduction

movement in which limb describes a cone in space / distal end moves in circle

rotation

turning movement of a bone around its own long axis

supination

movement of forearm so palm faces anteriorly or superiorly / radius around ulna only

pronation

movement of forearm so palm faces posterorly or inferiorly / radius around ulna only

inversion

sole of the foot is turned medially / foot only

eversion

sole of the foot faces laterally / foot only

protraction

nonangular anterior movement in transverse plane

retraction

nonangular posterior movement in transverse plane

elevation

lifting or moving superiorly along frontal plane / shrugging shoulders up

depression

downward movement towards original position / shrugging shoulders down

opposition

movement of touching thumb to tips of fingers on same hand / saddle joint and metacarpal I only

knee

composed of patella, femur, and tibia / tibial tuberosity and condyles of tibia / extension, flexion, hyperextension

ankle and foot

hinge joint / tibia, fibula, talus

talus

bone of the ankle that articulates with the tibia and fibula

calcaneus

heel bone

spine

26 vertebrae / 7 cervical / 12 thoracic that articulate with ribs / 5 lumbar / sacrum / coccyx

movements of neck

flexion, extension, hyperextension, lateral flexion (side bending), rotation

movements of spine

lateral flexion, extension, flexion, rotation

tibial torsion

inward twisting of tibia

metatarsus adductus

inward twisting of the forefoot

allis' sign

knee height comparison / test for congenital hip dislocation

diaphysis

mid section of a long bone

gowers' sign

when patient uses hands to "walk" up own body / indicates lower limb muscle weakness

subluxation

partial displacement of a joint or organ

lordosis

excessive curvature of the lumbar area of spine

osteoarthritis

joint degeneration

heberden's nodes

hard or bony swellings in distal interphalangeal joints / indicate osteoarthritis

osteoporosis

degeneration/decrease in bone mass and density

ankylosing spondylitis

type of arthritis that causes an inflammation of the spinal joints

systemic lupus erythematosus

auto immune connective tissue disease / body attacks connective tissue resulting with inflammation / occurs more frequently in females and with more severity in african americans

paget's disease

osteitis deformans / enlarged and deformed bones / excessive breakdown and formation

osteomyelitis

an infection of the bone

osteomalacia

vitamin D deficiency / abnormal softening of bones

kyphosis

hunchback / abnormal forward curvature of the shoulders and back

lateral epicondylitis

tennis elbow / inflammation of the outer elbow / constant repetitive movements of the wrist or forearm

medial epicondylitis

pitcher's or golfer's elbow / constant repetitive flexion of the wrist

carpal tunnel syndrome

nerve disorder / inflammation of tissues in the wrist puts pressure on the median nerve

ganglion

painless, round, fluid filled mass arising from tendon sheaths on dorsum of the wrist and hand

phalen's test

wrists are bent down with backs of each hand touching / carpal tunnel sufferers feel tingling or pain within 60 seconds

tinel's sign

detects irritated nerves / light tapping over nerve to check for numbness, tingling, or pain

dupuytren's contracture

thickening of the fibrous tissue layer underneath skin of palm and fingers / unable to extend 4th and 5th fingers / inherited disorder

prepatellar bursitis

housemaid's knee / inflammation of the prepatellar bursa / swelling and pain above knee cap

ballottement

palpatory technique for detecting floating objects in body or fluid in body / body fluid is displaced and then is palpated to verify return of object

genu recurvatum

excessive hyperextension of the knee with weight bearing due to weakness of the quadriceps

gouty arthritis

great toe is swollen, hot, red, and painful / uric acid crystal buildup

hallux valgus

bunion / great toe deviates laterally from midline, crowding the other toes / joint and bursa become enlarged, creating a bunion on inside of big toe

hammertoe

flexion of proximal interphalangeal joint of a toe / permanently bent / callus or corn forms

pes planus

arch of the foot is flattened

flattened lumbar curve

reduced lumbar concavity / occurs when spasms affect the lumbar muscles

list

spine leans to the left or right

scoliosis

spine curves to the right or left causing exaggerated thoracic convexity on that side

compression fracture

breaks in bones of the spine / most common in lower back

muscle spasms

sudden/involuntary contraction of muscle / can feel like hardened, knot-like formations

spasmodic torticollis

disorder where involuntary muscle contractions cause neck to turn right, left, up, or down