bones
support and provide framework for soft tissues and organs of the body, protection, levers for movement
long bones
femur and humerus
short bones
carpals and tarsals
flat bones
parietal bone of the skull, sternum, and ribs
irregular bones
vertebrae and hip bones
bone composition
osseous tissue arranged in dense, smooth, compact, or cancellous structure
skeletal muscles
elongated muscle cells / striated bands attached to skeletal bones / typically under conscious control / provide movement, maintain posture, generate body heat
joints
articulation / point where two or more bones meet / can be joined by fibrous tissue
cartilaginous joints
bones joined by catilage, e.g vertebrae
synovial joints
bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity / freedom of movement / all limb joints
ligaments
bands of flexible tissue attaching bone to bone
bursae
synovial-fluid filled sacs / protect ligaments from friction
tendons
fibrous bands attaching muscle to bone or muscle to muscle
tendon sheaths
fluid-filled bursae / protects joints from damage
temporomandibular joint
allows speaking and chewing / opens and closes jaw / protraction and retraction of lower jaw / side to side movement of lower jaw
shoulder
ball and socket joint / supported by rotary cuff / scapula, acromion process, tubercle of humerus, coracoid process
elbow
hinge joint / flexion and extension of forearm / supination and pronation of forearm
carpus
the wrist
hip
ball and socket joint / rounded head of femur / iliac crest, trochanter of femur, anterior inferior iliac spine
acetabulum
round cavity on right and left lateral sides of pelvic bone / connects to femur
plane joint
slipping or gliding movements / intercarpal, intertarsal joints, articular process of the ribs
hinge joint
convex part of one bone fits into concave depression of other bone / flexion and extension only / elbow and knee
pivot joint
round end of one bone protrudes into a ring of bone or ligaments / rotation of the bone around its own long axis only / atlas and axis of neck
condyloid joint
oval surfaces of two bones fit together / flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction / wrist joints
saddle joint
each bone has concave and convex areas / opposing surfaces fit together / flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction / carpometacarpal joints of thumb
ball and socket joint
ball shaped head of one bone fits into concave socket of another / movement in all axes and planes with rotation / shoulder and hip joints only
gliding movement
simplest movement / one bone surface glides or slips over another
flexion
bending movement / decreases angle of joint
extension
increased angle of articulating bones
hyperextension
bending of joint beyond 180 degrees
dorsiflexion
flexion of the ankle so that the superior aspect of the foot approaches shin
plantar flexion
extension of ankle / pointing of toes
abduction
movement of limb away from midline of body / spreading apart fingers or toes
adduction
movement of limb toward midline of body
circumduction
movement in which limb describes a cone in space / distal end moves in circle
rotation
turning movement of a bone around its own long axis
supination
movement of forearm so palm faces anteriorly or superiorly / radius around ulna only
pronation
movement of forearm so palm faces posterorly or inferiorly / radius around ulna only
inversion
sole of the foot is turned medially / foot only
eversion
sole of the foot faces laterally / foot only
protraction
nonangular anterior movement in transverse plane
retraction
nonangular posterior movement in transverse plane
elevation
lifting or moving superiorly along frontal plane / shrugging shoulders up
depression
downward movement towards original position / shrugging shoulders down
opposition
movement of touching thumb to tips of fingers on same hand / saddle joint and metacarpal I only
knee
composed of patella, femur, and tibia / tibial tuberosity and condyles of tibia / extension, flexion, hyperextension
ankle and foot
hinge joint / tibia, fibula, talus
talus
bone of the ankle that articulates with the tibia and fibula
calcaneus
heel bone
spine
26 vertebrae / 7 cervical / 12 thoracic that articulate with ribs / 5 lumbar / sacrum / coccyx
movements of neck
flexion, extension, hyperextension, lateral flexion (side bending), rotation
movements of spine
lateral flexion, extension, flexion, rotation
tibial torsion
inward twisting of tibia
metatarsus adductus
inward twisting of the forefoot
allis' sign
knee height comparison / test for congenital hip dislocation
diaphysis
mid section of a long bone
gowers' sign
when patient uses hands to "walk" up own body / indicates lower limb muscle weakness
subluxation
partial displacement of a joint or organ
lordosis
excessive curvature of the lumbar area of spine
osteoarthritis
joint degeneration
heberden's nodes
hard or bony swellings in distal interphalangeal joints / indicate osteoarthritis
osteoporosis
degeneration/decrease in bone mass and density
ankylosing spondylitis
type of arthritis that causes an inflammation of the spinal joints
systemic lupus erythematosus
auto immune connective tissue disease / body attacks connective tissue resulting with inflammation / occurs more frequently in females and with more severity in african americans
paget's disease
osteitis deformans / enlarged and deformed bones / excessive breakdown and formation
osteomyelitis
an infection of the bone
osteomalacia
vitamin D deficiency / abnormal softening of bones
kyphosis
hunchback / abnormal forward curvature of the shoulders and back
lateral epicondylitis
tennis elbow / inflammation of the outer elbow / constant repetitive movements of the wrist or forearm
medial epicondylitis
pitcher's or golfer's elbow / constant repetitive flexion of the wrist
carpal tunnel syndrome
nerve disorder / inflammation of tissues in the wrist puts pressure on the median nerve
ganglion
painless, round, fluid filled mass arising from tendon sheaths on dorsum of the wrist and hand
phalen's test
wrists are bent down with backs of each hand touching / carpal tunnel sufferers feel tingling or pain within 60 seconds
tinel's sign
detects irritated nerves / light tapping over nerve to check for numbness, tingling, or pain
dupuytren's contracture
thickening of the fibrous tissue layer underneath skin of palm and fingers / unable to extend 4th and 5th fingers / inherited disorder
prepatellar bursitis
housemaid's knee / inflammation of the prepatellar bursa / swelling and pain above knee cap
ballottement
palpatory technique for detecting floating objects in body or fluid in body / body fluid is displaced and then is palpated to verify return of object
genu recurvatum
excessive hyperextension of the knee with weight bearing due to weakness of the quadriceps
gouty arthritis
great toe is swollen, hot, red, and painful / uric acid crystal buildup
hallux valgus
bunion / great toe deviates laterally from midline, crowding the other toes / joint and bursa become enlarged, creating a bunion on inside of big toe
hammertoe
flexion of proximal interphalangeal joint of a toe / permanently bent / callus or corn forms
pes planus
arch of the foot is flattened
flattened lumbar curve
reduced lumbar concavity / occurs when spasms affect the lumbar muscles
list
spine leans to the left or right
scoliosis
spine curves to the right or left causing exaggerated thoracic convexity on that side
compression fracture
breaks in bones of the spine / most common in lower back
muscle spasms
sudden/involuntary contraction of muscle / can feel like hardened, knot-like formations
spasmodic torticollis
disorder where involuntary muscle contractions cause neck to turn right, left, up, or down