Bradycardia
Slow heart rate, usually defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute (bpm)
Tachycardia
Rapid heart rate, usually defined as greater than 100 bpm
Atherosclerosis
Abnormal thickening and hardening of the arterial walls caused by fat and fibrin deposits
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel with a blood clot transported through the bloodstream
Murmur
A sound heard on auscultation of the heart that usually indicates turbulent blood flow across heart valves
Arteriosclerosis
Abnormal thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls
Preload
The amount of blood in a ventricle at the end of diastole; the pressure generated at the end of diastole
Dysrhythmia
Disturbance of rhythm; arrhythmia
Hemodynamics
Study of the movement of blood and the forces that affect it
Palpitation
A heartbeat that is strong, rapid, or irregular enough that the person is aware of it
Syncope
Fainting
Afterload
The amount of resistance the ventricles must overcome to eject the blood volume
Regurgitation
backward flow
Myocardial infarction
Death of myocardial tissue caused by prolonged lack of blood and oxygen supply
Perfusion
Passage of blood through the vessels of an organ
Cardioversion
The delivery of a synchronized electric shock to the myocardium to restore normal sinus rhythm
SA Node
Place where electrical impulse is initiated in heart
Purkinje Fibers
Terminal ends of bundle branches that cause ventricles to contract
Cardiac output
The amount of blood (measured in liters) ejected by each ventricle per minute
Compensation
Adaptations made by the heart and circulation to maintain normal cardiac output
Automaticity
The ability of a cell to generate an impulse without external stimulation
Contractility
The ability of cardiac muscle to shorten and contract
Hypertrophy
Enlargement of existing cells, resulting in increased size of an organ or tissue
Septum
A wall that divides a body cavity
Defibrillation
Termination of Fibrillation, usually by electric shock.
Systole
Contraction phase of the cardiac cycle
Conductivity
The ability of the cell to transmit electrical impulses rapidly and efficiently to distant regions of the heart
Thrombosis
Formation of a blood clot
Diastole
Relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle
Which are increased by the sympathetic nervous system?
-Heart Rate
-Force of contractions
-Speed of conduction through the AV Node
Which are factors that increase preload?
-Increased venous return to the heart
-Overhydration
Which are factors that increase afterload?
-Hypertension
-Vasoconstriction
-Aortic Stenosis
Which are age- related changes in the heart?
-Decreased elasticity of myocardium
-valves may thicken and stiffen
-Emptying of chambers may be incomplete
-Cardiac response to stress is slower
Contains the highest pressure in the heart
Left Ventricle (LV)
Receives blood through the tricuspid
Right Ventricle (RV)
Cone-shaped, has the thickest muscle mass of the four chambers
Left Ventricle (LV)
Receives blood saturated with oxygen from the four pulmonary veins
Left Atruim (LA)
Receives blood from the inferior and superior vena cava
Right Atrium (RA)
Holter Monitor
An ambulatory ECG that provides continues monitoring
Echocardiogram (ECG)
A transducer used to pick up sound waves and convert them to electrical impulses
MRI
A high resolution, three dimensional image of the heart; cardiac issue is imaged without lung or bone interference
stress test
An exercise tolerance test that is a recording of an individuals cardiovascular response during a measured exercise challenge
Electrocardiogram
Study of electrical activity of the heart
Cardiac Catheterization
Test that may determine pressures in the RA, RV and pulmonary artery
Electrocardiogram
Electrodes placed on the surface of the skin pick up the electrical impulses of the heart
Stress test
The patient ambulates on a treadmill or a stationary bicycle while connected to a monitor
Echocardiogram
Heart ultrasound that is a visualization and recording of the size, shape, position, and behavior of the heart's internal structures
Pulse oximetry
Noninvasive measurement of oxygen saturation
Electrophysiology study (EPS)
Use of catheters with multiple electrodes inserted through the femoral vein to record the heart's electrical activity
Ultrafast computed tomography (electronbeam CT)
Fast form imaging technology that allows for high quality images of the heart as it contacts and relaxes
WBC
Indicates the body's ability to defend itself against infection and infection and inflammation; elevated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
Creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
Indicates damage to myocardial cells
Myoglobin
Protein found in cardiac muscle
Arterial blood gas
Determination of body's ability to maintain acid-base balance
Dysrhythmias
Disturbances in heart rhythm
Heart Failure
When the injured left ventricle is unable to meet the body's circulatory demands
Cardiogenic Shock
The most frequent cause of death after an AMI; marked by hypotension and decreasing alertness
Thromboembolism
When clots form in the injured heart chambers, they may break loose and travel to the lung
Ventricular Aneurysm/rupture
A fatal complication in which weakened areas of the ventricular wall bulge and burst
Rheumatic heart disease
The leading cause of mitral stenosis
Left atrium
The chamber of the heart that dilates to accommodate the amount of blood not ejected in the patients with mitral stenosis
Heart Murmur
When collecting data for the assessment of the patient with mitral stenosis, the nurse takes the vitals signs and audcultates for____________________
ECG Reading-Ischemia
The T wave is inverted
ECG Reading-Injury
There is ST segment elevation
ECG Reading- Infarction
A significant Q wave is present; the Q wave is greater than one third the height of the R wave.
Dependent edema
Right Sided Heart Failure
Decreasing BP readings
Left sided heart failure
Increased central venous pressure
Right sided heart failure
Anxious, pale, and tachycardic
Left sided heart failure
Jugular venous distention
Right sided heart failure
Abdominal engorgement
Right sided heart failure
Crackles, wheezes dyspnea, and cough
Left sided heart failure
Restless and confused
Left sided heart failure
Decreased urinary output
Right sided heart failure
The pressure is highest in which heart chamber?
Left Ventricle
The first branches of the systemic circulation are the:
Coronary arteries
The ventricles contract when the electrical impulses reaches the:
Purkinje Fibers
Stroke volume, the amount of blood ejected with each ventricular contraction, depends on myocardial:
contractility
If the valves of the heart do not close properly, the patient is said to have:
murmur
Which are ways to increase oxygen supply to the myocardium?
-administer supplemental
-Coronary artery vasodilation
which is more likely to occur in older adults as the cardiovascular system adapts more slowly to changes in position?
Postural Hypotension
A noninvasive measure of cardiac output is:
pulse pressure
The patient is taking a stress test. Which symptoms require that the stress test the stress test be stopped immediately?
-angina
-falling blood pressure
The normal cardiac output
4-8 L / minute
Patients with AMI often exhibts
elevated cholesterol levels
what type of diet is generally recommended for cardiac patients?
low fat, high fiber
If fluid retention accompanies the cardiac problem, the health care provider may order restriction of:
sodium
The purpose of temporary and permanent pacemakers is to improve cardiac output and tissue perfusion by restoring regular:
impulse conduction
The delivery of a synchronized shock to terminate atrial or ventricular tachyarrhythmias is called:
Cardioversion
During open heart surgery, the patients core temperature is reduced to decrease the body's need for:
oxygen
The substernal pain resulting from lack of oxygen to the myocardium is called:
angina pectoris
Nurses should be alert to complaints of decreased exercise tolerance and dyspnea in african-american males because they are at risk for:
cardiomyopathy
Which drug is administered to dilate coronary arteries and increase blood flow to the damaged area of a patient with AMI?
Nitroglycerin
Which vein is often used in coronary artery bypass surgery as grafts?
Saphenous
What are reasons for placing patients with HF in a semi-fowler or high-fowler position?
-decreased cardiac workload
-Increase oxygenation to the myocardium
The most common adverse effects of diuretic therapy for patients with HF are:
Fluid and electrolyte imbalances
A common finding in patients with right sided HF are:
dependent edema
The most common site for organisms to accumulate in patients with ineffective endocarditis is the
mitral valve
The main drugs used for endocarditis are
antimicrobials
The hallmark symptom of pericarditis is:
Chest pain
A procedure in which a peripherally inserted catheter is passed into an occluded artery and a balloon is inflated to dilate the artery is:
Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PCTA)
lifelong medications that must be given to patients with heart transplants include:
immunosuppressives
The two major valve problems of the heart are stenosis and:
regurgitation
Before each dose of digitalis, the apical pulse is counted for 1 full minute; the drug is withheld and the physician notified if the pulse is below:
60 bpm
Which are actions of antidysrhythmic drugs?
-depressing automaticity
-slowing impulse conduction
-increasing resistance to premature contraction
An automatic implantable cardioverterdefibrillator is used to:
decrease the risk of sudden cardiac death in people with recurrent life-threatening dysrhythmias
The internal cardiac defibrillator is used to treat patients with life threatening, recurrent:
ventricular fibrillation
A low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), Lovenox, is ordered for a patient with unstable angina. Which is an advantage of using LMWHs over other anticoagulants?
The anticoagulant effect is more predictable
How should a nurse document a pulse that is easily obliterated by slight finger pressure, which returns as the pressure is released?
weak or thready
which heart sound is normal in children and young adults but is pathologic if it is heard after the age of 30?
S3 ventricular gallop
What type of drug therapy is used after an AMI to prevent strokes?
Antiplatelets
The most widely used drugs in the treatment of HF are:
Cardiac glycosides
The first medication given to patients with chest pain is:
nitroglycerin
Which herb taken to lower plasma lipids may increase the effects of anticoagulants and insulin?
Garlic
Questran, lopid, and Niacin are drugs classified as:
Lipid lowering drugs
which is an age related change to blood vessels?
Systolic blood pressure increases
The pain of heart problems may radiate or may be referred to other areas. Which are areas to which pain may radiate?
-down either arm
-just below the sternum
-jaw
what are reasons to PTCA may be a preferred treatment over bypass surgery?
-done under local anesthesia instead of general anesthesia
-less invasive
-faster recovery time
which of the following drugs are used to treat angina?
-nitrates
-beta adrenergic blockers
-calcium channel blockers
Diuretics
decrease fluid retention
antianginals
relieve pain
antiplatelets
prevent strokes
cardiac glycosides
increase cardiac output
thrombolytics
dissolve clots
Nitroglycerin
antianginals
asprin, dipyridamole, and clopidogrel
Antiplatelet agents
Heparin and warfin
Anticoagulants
morphine and meperidine hydrochloride
Analgesics
furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide
Diuretics
streptokinase, sotalol hydrochloride, and tissue plasminogen activator
Fibrinolytics
digoxin and digitoxin
Cardiac glycosides
Dabigatran and rivaroxaban
anticoagulants classified as direct thrombin inhibitors
Used for chest pain
morphine sulfate
administered through an IV or into the coronary arteries to dissolve thrombi
steptokinase
following the administration of antithrombolytics, this drug is administered to prevent further clot formation
Heparin
Administered for ventricular tachycardia
lidocaine
Increases myoocardial contactility and decreases the heart rate
Digitalis
Improves pump function by increasing contractility and decreasing heart rate
cardiac glycosides or inotropic agents
decreases circulating fluid volume and decreases preload
Diuretics
Decreases anxiety, dilates the vasculature, and reduces myocardial consumption in the acute stage
Morphine
Ineffective cardiac pumping
excess fluid volume
decreased pulmonary perfusion
Impaired gas exchange
The nurse is taking care of a patient with stable angina. Which are words that this patient may use to describe anginal pain?
-burning
-squeezing
-viselike
-smothering
A patient who has been diagnosed with mitral stenosis comes to the community clinic. Which findings would the nurse expect to observe in this patient?
-tachypnea
-jugular vein distention
-rumbling low pitched murmur sounds