Function
Maintains a steady state (fast responses: electrical signals, slow: chemical/hormones)
Function
Interprets sensory info
Function
Provides higher mental functioning
Function
Produces emotional response
Function
Activates the muscles for movement
Central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
Peripheral system
Nerves (neurons) and nervous tissue (glia)
Somatic (pns)
Regulation of voluntary actions, one nerve pathway
Autonomatic (pns)
Regulation of involuntary actions, two nerve pathway
parasympathetic nervous system
Peaceful housekeeping division, in control most of the time, acetylcholine
Sympathetic division
Stressful division, speeds up actions like heart rate or blood pressure, norepinephrine
Grey matter
Contains cell bodies of the neuron, outer area
White matter
Inner area, made up of bundles of nerves called fibers or tracts
Basal nuclei
Islands of grey matter inside white matter, voluntary actions, abnormalities here cause Parkinson's
Somatic sensory area
Impulses from sense enter here
Primary motor area
Sends messages to voluntary muscles
Broca's area
Send messages to tongue and mouth for speech
Olfactory Area
Received input from nasal passages (related to memory)
Auditory area
Receives input from eyes and interprets sounds
Memory area
Memory
Visual cortex
Receives input from eyes, crossed pathways
Reading area
Helps interpret written language
Speech area
Interprets speech sounds
Intellectual area
Involves intelligence and reasoning power
Thalamus
Relay station for sensory information
Hypothalamus
Regulation of temperature, water balance, metabolism, center of drives
Mamillary bodies
Swallowing, feeding, and lip-licking reflexes
Pineal body
Influences diurnal patterning, biological clock control
Choroid plexus
Makes cerebrospinal fluid
Pons
Controls breathing
Medulla oblongata
Controls gag reflex, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and swallowing
Cerebellum
Coordinates skeletal and muscle activities and balance
Nervous tissue
Soft and mushy
Brain and spinal chord protected three ways
Bone, three membranes found under the bone, cerebral spinal fluid
The dura mater
The outmost layer of meninges, double layer, leathery and very tough
Arachnoid mater
Middle membrane, spidery, csf circulates in sub-arachnoid space
Pia mater
The innermost layer, thin and delicate, clings tightly to the brain
Meningitis
inflammation of the meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid
Similar to plasma, produced inside the brain
Ventricles
2 lateral ventricles in cerebral hemisphere, third and fourth deep in the brain
choroid plexus
makes CSF
Csf
Circulates around brain and spinal chord, drains into blood stream (entrance called superior sagittal sinus)
Non-verbal
Right
Verbal
Left
Non auditory
Right
Auditory
Left
Intuitive
Right
Logical
Left
Spacial
Right
Analytic
Left
Holistic
Right
Abstract
Left
Non-rational
Right
Rational
Left
Poetic
Right
Digital
Left
Lives in the present
Right
Relates what's happening now to past and future
Left
Non temporal
Right
Temporal
Left
Flexible
Right
Linear thinking
Left
Creative
Right
Written Language, numbers
Left
Nervous tissue made of two types of cells
Neuroglia and neurons
Neuroglia
Nerve glue, support cells, cannot conduct electrical impulses, cell division
Oligodendrocytes
Deposit fat around nerve cells in cns, impulses faster, myelin sheath
Microglia
Disposes of dead brain cells, monitor health of brain cells, help repair damages neuron
Astrocytes
Feeder cells, brings glucose and oxygen from blood stream to brain cells, maintain blood barrier, set up memories in brain
Ependymal
Use cilia to circulate csf
Cell body
Nucleus and dendrites
Axon
One meter long
Terminal end
Connects nerve to muscle
Dendrites
Message comes into nerve
Myelin sheath
A coating of fat that speeds up impulses
Schwann cells
Extra fat sections on nerves
Sole feet
Impulse leaves the nerve
Synapse
Neurotransmitters travel across synapse
Groups of neurons
Runs through white matter, called tracts (brain); rest of the body is nerves
Efferent
Motor impulses away from the brain
Afferent
Sensory nerves impulse to brain
Association
Connects afferent to efferent
Ions
Move from low to high concentration resulting in dynamic equilibrium
dynamic equilibrium
Positive and negative charges attract
Na and K
Enter and leave through certain gates
Sodium potassium pump
Pumps 3Na for every 2 K
Resting potential
Electrical difference created when Na trys to push inside
Inside the membrane
Is slightly negative, resting potential
threshold
Stimulated by electrical impulse
Action potential
Na gates open, na ions rush into neuron to open gates, massive amounts of Na cause positive charge
Chain of events for impulse
Potassium ions rush out to balance the charge, sodium/potassium pump begins ejecting Na and brings K back into neuron
Gates
Open and action potential travels down axon
Synapse
Nerve must jump over