What is abnormal behavior?
it is best classified by the term psychological disorder, which is defined as any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm themselves or others, or harms their ability to function in daily life.
abnormal behavior is statistically...
rare
abnormal behavior is deviant from...
social norms
abnormal behavior causes ...
subjective discomfort
abnormal behavior does not allow ...
day-to-day functioning
abnormal behavior causes a person to be ...
dangerous to self or others
DSM-5
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
DSM is useful in providing clinicians with descriptions and criteria for...
diagnosing mental disorders
DSM-5 purpose
widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
What are some revisions in DSM?
-"autism" & "asperger syndrome " combined under austism spectrum disorder
-hoarding disorder & binge-eating disorder were added
Why is DSM revised ?
knowledge & ways of thinking about psychological disorders have changed
Phobia
irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity
social anxiety disorder
fear of negative evaluation in social situations
specific phobias
fear of objects, situations, or events
agoraphobia
fear of place/situation from which escape is difficult or impossible
Panic disorder
frequent, disruptive panic attacks; sudden and recurrent onset of intense panic for no reason, with all the physical symptoms that can occur in sympathetic nervous system arousal, and is sometimes accompanied by agoraphobia
generalized anxiety disorder
-Feelings of dread/doom and physical stress lasting at least six months
-Source of anxiety often cannot be pinpointed
-Worry about things most people would not worry about ("what if" worries)
obsessive-compulsive disorder
a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
PTSD
a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
depressive disorders affect
involves our moment to moment emotional reactions/expression
depressive disorders mood
involves our overall, prevailing emotional state/tone
Major depression (unipolar depression)
severe depression, sudden, no apparent external cause
bipolar disorder
fluctuate from one extreme to the other
Bipolar I
major depression alternating with manic episodes (more severe)
Bipolar II
hypomania alternating with depression(less severe)
During depression
slowed brain activity, less active left frontal lobe
Schizophrenia
severely disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, inability to separate fantasy from reality
positive schizophrenia symptoms
-excesses of, or additions to, normal behavior
-Delusional disorder: primary symptom is delusion
-Delusions: unshakeable, false beliefs
-Hallucinations: seeing or hearing things that don't exist
negative schizophrenia symptoms
-less than, or an absence of, normal behavior
-poor attention
-Flat affect: a lack of emotional responsiveness
-Poor speech production
positive schizophrenia symptoms are associated with
over activity of dopamine areas of the brain
negative schizophrenia symptoms are associated with
lower dopamine activity
schizophrenia genetics
brain structural defects have been implicated
schizophrenia biological roots
supported by universal lifetime prevalence across cultures of approximately 7-8 people out of 1000
schizophrenia stress-vulnerability model
Suggests people with genetic markers for schizophrenia will not develop the disorder unless they are exposed to environmental or emotional stress at critical times in development
personality disorders
Persistent, rigid, maladaptive behavior interfering with normal social interaction
odd/ecentric personality disorders
paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
dramatic, emotional, erratic
antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
anxiety or fearfulness
avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
dissociative disorder
Conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
Rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities; Formerly called multiple personality disorder
anorexia nervosa
Person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight
bulimia nervosa
Person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use), fasting, or excessive exercise
binge eating disorder
Significant binge eating, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa
acute stress disorder
-Symptoms occur immediately after traumatic event
-Anxiety, dissociative symptoms, nightmares, flashbacks
Unfocused tension, apprehension, and arousal are symptoms of ______________ ______________ disorder.
generalized anxiety
Those who experience unpredictable periods of terror and intense dread, accompanied by frightening physical sensations, may be diagnosed with a ______________ disorder.
panic
Those who express anxiety through unwanted repetitive thoughts or actions may have a(n) ______________-______________ disorder.
Obsessive compulsive
Treatment for depression often includes drugs that increase supplies of the neurotransmitters ____________ & _____________
norepinephrine; serotonin
Many psychologists reject the "disorders-as-illness"
view and instead contend that other factors may also be involved�for example, the person's bad habits and poor social skills. This view represents the _ approach.
biopsychosocial
Psychologists who emphasize the importance of negative perceptions, beliefs, and thoughts in depression are working within the ________-________ perspective.
social cognitive
A person with schizophrenia who has _________ may have an expressionless face & toneless voice. Symptoms are most common with _______ schizophrenia & not likely to respond to drug therapy
negative; chronic
people with _______ symptoms of schizophrenia are likelt to experience delusions & are diagnosed with ______ , which is more likely to repond to drug therapy
Positive; acute
chances for recovery from schizophrenia are best when
onset is sudden, in response to stress