AP PSYCH EXAM

Psychology is best defined as

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

The definition of psychology is made up of three main concepts. Which concept refers to thoughts, feelings, and motives
feelings, and motives?

Mental processes

A structuralist would have been most interested in studying

Conscious thought

The __________ approach sees behavior as being influenced by the unconscious mind

Psychodynamic

Which of the following statements is consistent with social cognitive theory

Imitation is one of the main ways we learn about the world

Memory, attention, problem-solving, and perception are key components of which approach to psychology

Cognitive

You are a psychologist and you study self concept, aggression, and inner directness. You most likely specialize in

Personality psychology

Which one of the following areas of specialization is more likely to use animals for research

Behavioral neuroscience psychology

If you want to be a forensic psychologist, you will probably take some classes on

Law

The most widely spread practiced specialization in psychology is

Clinical and counseling psychology

A psychologist associated with social learning theory is

Albert Bandura

Along with William Wundt, this psychologist developed structuralism, the first school of thought in psychology:

Titchener

Who developed the first psychology laboratory in 1879

Wilhelm Wundt

In an experiment testing the effect of amphetamine on learning in rats, the amphetamine is the

Independent variable

__________ involves objective, systematic, and testable research

Science

If you conduct research in which you manipulate a variable while holding others constant and randomly assign participants to groups, what research method are you using

Experimental research

In an experiment, the __________ is the "cause" and the _________ is the "effect

Independent, Dependent

The ____________ is a measure of central tendency that is calculated by adding all the scores and dividing that total by the number of scores or participants

Mean

The mode is the

Most common score

_____________ are specific predictions that can be tested to determine their accuracy and are derived logically from theories

Hypothesis

Using statistical procedures allows researchers to

Analyze data

______________ is the extent to which a scientific research yields a consistent, reproducible result,

Reliability

A research method typically used clinical psychologists with unique individuals is called a(n)

Case study

In a ______________ experiment, neither the participant nor the experimenter know in which conditions the participants is in

Double-blind

The research that takes place at the end of a study, when the participant is told the purpose of and methods used in the study is called

Debriefing

The process of describing an experiment to participants and explaining the potential risks involved in participation is called

Informed consent

The statistic that measures how closely the scores are clustered around the mean is the

Standard deviation

A difference between the ethical considerations involved in conducting studies with human participants and animals is that, in animal studies, the psychologist should

Weigh the benefits of the potential results against the likelihood of causing harm to the animals

What did the story of Clever Hans teach us

Even experts can be fooled if they don't make appropriate use of other research procedures to check their observation

What is the brain's capacity to modify and change

Plasticity

Gilal cells

Provide supportive and nutritive functions in the brain

Messages from other neurons are collected by the what of the receiving neurons

Dendrite

Which of the following types of neurons carry input to the brain

Afferent neurons

The majority of the brain consists of which type of nerves

Neural networks

The brain and the spinal cord comprise what

The central nervous system

The layer of fat cells that insulate most axons is the what

Myelin sheath

The part of the neuron that carries messages away from the cell body and toward the terminal buttons is called the what

Axon

The ____________ is the brief wave of electrical charge that races down the axon

Action potential

The state in which the inside of the neuron is slightly negatively charged is the what

Resting potential

A neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is what

Dopamine

The hindbrain structure that helps to control our breathing is called the what

Medulla

The _________ is the forebrain structure that monitors eating, drinking, and sexual behavior

Hypothalamus

Research about various brain areas indicates that higher mental processes such as thinking and problem solvijnfare located within the what

Association area

The two hemispheres are connected by which structure

Corpus Callosum

Which of the parts of the hindbrain is the one that is involved in motor coordination

Cerebellum

What is the genetic research method in which organisms are chosen for reproduction based on how much of a particular trait they display

Selective breeding

What controls growth and regulates other glands and part of it is controlled by the hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

What is neurogenesis

The generation of new neurons

Psychologists define development as

Patterns of movement or change

The way in which an individual's genetic material is expressed in observable, measurable characteristics is referred to as the what

Phenotype

Nature is to ___________ as nurture is to ____________

Genetics;environment

Which of the following processes are invoked in development

All of the above

According to Erikson, the first psychological stage of development is called what

Trust vs. mistrust

According to Erikson, the final developmental stage is called what

Integrity vs. despair

Little Lucy screams with delight when she sees a horse. She yells, "See doggie!" According to Piaget, what process has occurred

Assimilation

Preoperational thinkers cannot yet do which of the following

Reverse mental representations

A parenting style that encourages children to be independent but still places limits on their behavior is called whatb

Authoritative

A parenting style in which parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands on them is called what

Indulgent

By egocentrism, Piaget was referring to what

The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective

Which of the following social situations is associated with children experiencing stress, aggressiveness, and poor adjustment

Divorce

According to Kohlberg, at what level is moral development completely internalized and not based on others' standards

Postconventional

Kohlberg's theory of moral development has been criticized because of what

It does not reflect the care perspective

In what kind of study are the same participants studied over a lengthy period, sometimes many years

Longitudinal

What is the emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver called

Attachment

What is the time during middle age when people become aware of the gap between being young and being old and the shrinking time left in their lives

Midlife crisis

The minimum amount of energy that we can detect is called what

The absolute threshold

Psychologists call the presence of competing and irrelevant stimuli what

Noise

__________ perception is the ability to detect information below the level of conscious awareness

Subliminal

The process of detecting and encoding stimuli is called what

Sensation

The sensory receptors in the eye are called what

Photoreceptors

The cells that are dedicated to the reception and transmission of stimulus information are the what

Sensory receptors

The rods and cones are found in what part of the eye

Retina

A change in the wavelength of light would result in a change in our perception of what

Hue

The tendency to mentally "fill in the spaces" in order to see figures as compete refers to the graph principle of what

Closure

The old scores epithelium is to the sense of smell as the _________ are to the sense of taste

Papillae

Why is vision sharpest in the fovea

Because it contains only cones

The semicircular canals are found where

The inner ear

Which theory of color vision does the best job of explaining after images

The opponent-process theory

What do the sense of taste and the sense of smell have in common?

they are both chemical senses

This psychological perspective argues that the whole is different than the sum of its parts

Gestalt

Which photoreceptors work best in low light conditions

Rods

What is converting stimulus energy into neural impulses

Transduction

What allows us to see in three dimensions, even though the image reflected on the retina is two dimensional

Depth perception

What is the sensation that warns us of harm to our bodies

Pain

A form of consciousness that'd equines minimal attention is what

Automatic processes

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons we need sleep

Dreams

Which part of the brain keeps the biological clocks synchronized

Supachiasmic nucleus

William James referred to the mind as a what

stream of consciousness

What is it called when someone experiences sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear

Night terrors

What is the daily biological rhythm calls

Circadian rhythm

During which altered state of consciousness is the individual highly receptive to suggestions

hypnosis

Which brain waves are characteristic of a person who is awake and relaxed

Alpha

Delta waves are produced in which stage of sleep

Stage 3 or Stage 4

Another name for somnambulism is what

Sleepwalking

Psychoactive drugs increase what neurotransmitter in the brain's reward pathways

Dopamine

Which is the stage of sleep during which we have the most vivid and engaging dreams

REM sleep

Which of the following is a hormone that has been associated with the reduction of jet lag

Melatonin

The dream's hidden meaning is it's what

Latent content

Which of the following drugs is both a stimulant and a hallucinogen

Ecstasy

Of the alternatives, which is believed to be the most addictive drug

Crack

Marijuana is a what

Hallucinogen.

What do caffeine and cocaine have in common

They are stimulants

The difference between physical dependence and psychological dependence is what

Physical dependence is associated with the direct cause of withdrawal symptoms

Which of the following are psychoactive drugs associated with increased energy

Amphetamines

Gerald is very shy and will not play with his fellow first graders. If the teacher praised him only when he was interacting wiht his classmates, the teacher would be attempting to use what

Positive reinforcement

What reinforcement schedule helps explain the popularity of gambling

Variable-ratio

How can culture influence lecturing

Culture often determine the content of learning and can influence the degree to which operant and classical conditioning are used

Which of the following learning methods is the one that makes reference to the person using the behavior as ajninstru mental to obtain the consequences

Operant conditioning

What occurs when the reinforcement offered for behavior A is not as strong as the innate urge to do behavior B, and thus behavior B is preformed and behavior A is not performed

Instinctive drift

What kind of learning involves making connections between two events

associative

In Pavlov's classical conditioning studies, the bell before the conditioning is referred to as the what

Neutral stimulus

This concept in classical conditioning occurs when a person learns to be afraid of being in a pool but not afraid of being in a bathtub full of water

Discrimination

What is the form of associative learning in which the consequences of behavior produce changes in the probability of a behavior's occurrence

Operant conditioning

Which of the following is NOT one of the predictions of Thorndike's law of effect

If a unconditioned stimuli is associated with a neutral stimuli will become a conditioned stimuli

In Skinner's book, Walden Two, he presented what

A utopia created on the principles of operant conditioning

Wolfgang Kohler's experienced on apes with the issue of what

Insight learning

In operant conditioning p, the association is between a _________ and it's ___________

Behaviors; consequences

According to Thorndike's law of effect

behaviors followed by desirable outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by undesirable outcomes are weakened

Shaping is defined as the process of what

Reinforcing successive approximations of the target behavior

Which schedule of reinforcement is most resident to extinctions

Variable-ratio

The classical conditioning process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay without further condiriijgnis called what

Spontaneous recovery

An organism mental representation of the structure of physical space is what

Cognitive map

When there are only two groups of participants, the most commonly used statistical test is the

T-test

When there are more than two groups of participants, the appropriate statistical test to use is the

F-test

Which of the following research methods has the most control

Experiment

Which of the following is the most commonly used measure of variability

Standard deviation

Inferential statistics is used to

generalize to the population

A negative correlation typically means

Variables are related inversely

If you want to study the effects of dopamine on the amount of exercise in a rat, which would be the dependent variable

The amount of exercise

Which of the following techniques provides a detailed images of only the structure of the brain

MRI

What lobe of the brain seems to be responsible for language

Temporal

The part of the brain that seems to be responsible for receiving sensory information from the environment is what

Somatosensory cortex

The part of the neuron that receives information from neighboring cells is

Dendrites

The part of the neuron that sends information to neighboring cells is

Axon

The gap between cells is called a

Synapse

At which period of prenatal development is it most dangerous for a woman to take in substances that have an impact on a developing fetus

First two months

The process of culling neuronal connections to improve the efficiency of brain activity is called what

Pruning

Roughly at what age would a child reach the stage of formal operations?

12

What task might be beyond the reach of a child in the preoperational stage?

conservation

Which of the following skills makes formal operations different from other stages

Abstract logic

According to Piaget, basic knowledge structures are called

Schemas

The sensorimotor stage of cognitive development is one during which children do not have the ability to

Engage in imaginative play

The process of fitting into the environment is called, according to Piaget

Adaption

The periodic restructuring of schemas to fit new information into a revised organizational structure is called

Equilibrium

According to Piaget's theory, we develop schemas

Through experience

When physical energy is transformed into neural impulses, it is referred to as

transduction

The part of the eye responsible for receiving photons of light and then translating them into neural images

Retina

The part of the ear responsible for translating information into neural impulses is

Cochlea

The part of the brain responsible for coding auditory information

Temporal lobe

The part of the brain responsible for coding visual information

Occipital lobe

In signal detection theory, when a participant responds that a stimulus was present, and it was, it is called

Hit

A cue used to understand depth

Linear perspective

The structure in the eye that changes to accommodate the closeness or distance of an object

Lens

The structure in the ear that is responsible for gathering sound initially

Pinna

The receptor cells that make the transduction for the auditory system are

Hair cells

The cells responsible for coding the color in the eye

Cones

The point of focus for the eye that contains mostly cones

Fovea

What carry information from the rods and cones back out to the ganglion cells and then to the brain

Bipolar cells

Which of the following psychologists started the first psychology laboratory in Germany

Wihelm Wundt

Which philosopher discussed the mind-body problem

Descartes

Of the following approaches to psychology, which area would be the more concerned with the idea that people strive toward self-actualization

Humanistic

Wundt developed a technique for doing research that involved having people describe entering thoughts as they observed an object. This is called

Introspection

The person who is most responsible for developing the school of though called functionalism is

James

Who studied with Wundt and traveled to the U.S. to set up one of the first labs at Cornell University

T�tchener

Which of the following approaches focuses on free will and consciousness

Humanistic

The psychoanalytic approach to understanding personality was described by who

Freud

Which philosopher is responsible for the concept of Tabula Rasa

Locke

Both Plato and Socrates saw knowledge as

innate

The idea that fear could be learned is based on the work of

Watson

Which stage of sleep is also referred to as paradoxical sleep

REM

Difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep is called

Insomnia

Which of the following is the deepest stage of sleep

Stage 4

During which stage of sleep do night terrors occur

Stage 3 or Stage 4

Another term for sleep walking is

Somnambulism

The average adult requires how many hours of sleep per night

8 hours

During the night, our body temperature

drops then increases

Which group is most likely to suffer from enuresis

Young males

An automatic task

Requires a great deal of practice to develop

During a typical night's sleep, we go through all the cycle of sleep

4-6 times

Cynthia is dreaming p. She is probably in which stage of sleep

REM

During a typical night, each cycle of sleep lasts

90 minutes

Every time Rodrigo does well on his report card, his parents him out for ice cream. This is an example of

Positive reinforcement

If a ear is provided with reinforcement after ever 10 bar presses, the schedule is called a

Fixed-ratio

An example of negative reinforcement is

Removing chores

The person responsible for developing the framework of classical conditioning is

Pavlov

Witnessing the reinforcement of someone else's behavior has been found to increase the likelihood of that behavior in the witness. This is referred to as

vicarious reinforcement

According to Skinner, the most important environmental aspect that controls human behavior is the

Consequences of behavior

The tendency for stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned response is

Generalization

The psychologist who was responsible for developing the framework of operen conditioning was

Skinner

Getting paid a piecework at (x dollars per item made) is an example of

Fixed-ration schedule of reinforcement

humanistic psychology has recently been "rediscovered" and is now a popular approach to understanding behavior. This area is now called

Positive psychology

Which of the following approaches to psychology is most likely to have a paper entitled, "The role of the endocrine system as a secondary neurotransmitter

Biological

Assume you would like to look at the stars tonight. Since it is dark, you should try to use which cells in the eye to get a good look?

rods

The order of the bones in the medidle ear is

Malleaus, incus, stapes

Which of the following developmental milestones occurs first

Formation of a blastocyst