Psychology is best defined as
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
The definition of psychology is made up of three main concepts. Which concept refers to thoughts, feelings, and motives
feelings, and motives?
Mental processes
A structuralist would have been most interested in studying
Conscious thought
The __________ approach sees behavior as being influenced by the unconscious mind
Psychodynamic
Which of the following statements is consistent with social cognitive theory
Imitation is one of the main ways we learn about the world
Memory, attention, problem-solving, and perception are key components of which approach to psychology
Cognitive
You are a psychologist and you study self concept, aggression, and inner directness. You most likely specialize in
Personality psychology
Which one of the following areas of specialization is more likely to use animals for research
Behavioral neuroscience psychology
If you want to be a forensic psychologist, you will probably take some classes on
Law
The most widely spread practiced specialization in psychology is
Clinical and counseling psychology
A psychologist associated with social learning theory is
Albert Bandura
Along with William Wundt, this psychologist developed structuralism, the first school of thought in psychology:
Titchener
Who developed the first psychology laboratory in 1879
Wilhelm Wundt
In an experiment testing the effect of amphetamine on learning in rats, the amphetamine is the
Independent variable
__________ involves objective, systematic, and testable research
Science
If you conduct research in which you manipulate a variable while holding others constant and randomly assign participants to groups, what research method are you using
Experimental research
In an experiment, the __________ is the "cause" and the _________ is the "effect
Independent, Dependent
The ____________ is a measure of central tendency that is calculated by adding all the scores and dividing that total by the number of scores or participants
Mean
The mode is the
Most common score
_____________ are specific predictions that can be tested to determine their accuracy and are derived logically from theories
Hypothesis
Using statistical procedures allows researchers to
Analyze data
______________ is the extent to which a scientific research yields a consistent, reproducible result,
Reliability
A research method typically used clinical psychologists with unique individuals is called a(n)
Case study
In a ______________ experiment, neither the participant nor the experimenter know in which conditions the participants is in
Double-blind
The research that takes place at the end of a study, when the participant is told the purpose of and methods used in the study is called
Debriefing
The process of describing an experiment to participants and explaining the potential risks involved in participation is called
Informed consent
The statistic that measures how closely the scores are clustered around the mean is the
Standard deviation
A difference between the ethical considerations involved in conducting studies with human participants and animals is that, in animal studies, the psychologist should
Weigh the benefits of the potential results against the likelihood of causing harm to the animals
What did the story of Clever Hans teach us
Even experts can be fooled if they don't make appropriate use of other research procedures to check their observation
What is the brain's capacity to modify and change
Plasticity
Gilal cells
Provide supportive and nutritive functions in the brain
Messages from other neurons are collected by the what of the receiving neurons
Dendrite
Which of the following types of neurons carry input to the brain
Afferent neurons
The majority of the brain consists of which type of nerves
Neural networks
The brain and the spinal cord comprise what
The central nervous system
The layer of fat cells that insulate most axons is the what
Myelin sheath
The part of the neuron that carries messages away from the cell body and toward the terminal buttons is called the what
Axon
The ____________ is the brief wave of electrical charge that races down the axon
Action potential
The state in which the inside of the neuron is slightly negatively charged is the what
Resting potential
A neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is what
Dopamine
The hindbrain structure that helps to control our breathing is called the what
Medulla
The _________ is the forebrain structure that monitors eating, drinking, and sexual behavior
Hypothalamus
Research about various brain areas indicates that higher mental processes such as thinking and problem solvijnfare located within the what
Association area
The two hemispheres are connected by which structure
Corpus Callosum
Which of the parts of the hindbrain is the one that is involved in motor coordination
Cerebellum
What is the genetic research method in which organisms are chosen for reproduction based on how much of a particular trait they display
Selective breeding
What controls growth and regulates other glands and part of it is controlled by the hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
What is neurogenesis
The generation of new neurons
Psychologists define development as
Patterns of movement or change
The way in which an individual's genetic material is expressed in observable, measurable characteristics is referred to as the what
Phenotype
Nature is to ___________ as nurture is to ____________
Genetics;environment
Which of the following processes are invoked in development
All of the above
According to Erikson, the first psychological stage of development is called what
Trust vs. mistrust
According to Erikson, the final developmental stage is called what
Integrity vs. despair
Little Lucy screams with delight when she sees a horse. She yells, "See doggie!" According to Piaget, what process has occurred
Assimilation
Preoperational thinkers cannot yet do which of the following
Reverse mental representations
A parenting style that encourages children to be independent but still places limits on their behavior is called whatb
Authoritative
A parenting style in which parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands on them is called what
Indulgent
By egocentrism, Piaget was referring to what
The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective
Which of the following social situations is associated with children experiencing stress, aggressiveness, and poor adjustment
Divorce
According to Kohlberg, at what level is moral development completely internalized and not based on others' standards
Postconventional
Kohlberg's theory of moral development has been criticized because of what
It does not reflect the care perspective
In what kind of study are the same participants studied over a lengthy period, sometimes many years
Longitudinal
What is the emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver called
Attachment
What is the time during middle age when people become aware of the gap between being young and being old and the shrinking time left in their lives
Midlife crisis
The minimum amount of energy that we can detect is called what
The absolute threshold
Psychologists call the presence of competing and irrelevant stimuli what
Noise
__________ perception is the ability to detect information below the level of conscious awareness
Subliminal
The process of detecting and encoding stimuli is called what
Sensation
The sensory receptors in the eye are called what
Photoreceptors
The cells that are dedicated to the reception and transmission of stimulus information are the what
Sensory receptors
The rods and cones are found in what part of the eye
Retina
A change in the wavelength of light would result in a change in our perception of what
Hue
The tendency to mentally "fill in the spaces" in order to see figures as compete refers to the graph principle of what
Closure
The old scores epithelium is to the sense of smell as the _________ are to the sense of taste
Papillae
Why is vision sharpest in the fovea
Because it contains only cones
The semicircular canals are found where
The inner ear
Which theory of color vision does the best job of explaining after images
The opponent-process theory
What do the sense of taste and the sense of smell have in common?
they are both chemical senses
This psychological perspective argues that the whole is different than the sum of its parts
Gestalt
Which photoreceptors work best in low light conditions
Rods
What is converting stimulus energy into neural impulses
Transduction
What allows us to see in three dimensions, even though the image reflected on the retina is two dimensional
Depth perception
What is the sensation that warns us of harm to our bodies
Pain
A form of consciousness that'd equines minimal attention is what
Automatic processes
Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons we need sleep
Dreams
Which part of the brain keeps the biological clocks synchronized
Supachiasmic nucleus
William James referred to the mind as a what
stream of consciousness
What is it called when someone experiences sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear
Night terrors
What is the daily biological rhythm calls
Circadian rhythm
During which altered state of consciousness is the individual highly receptive to suggestions
hypnosis
Which brain waves are characteristic of a person who is awake and relaxed
Alpha
Delta waves are produced in which stage of sleep
Stage 3 or Stage 4
Another name for somnambulism is what
Sleepwalking
Psychoactive drugs increase what neurotransmitter in the brain's reward pathways
Dopamine
Which is the stage of sleep during which we have the most vivid and engaging dreams
REM sleep
Which of the following is a hormone that has been associated with the reduction of jet lag
Melatonin
The dream's hidden meaning is it's what
Latent content
Which of the following drugs is both a stimulant and a hallucinogen
Ecstasy
Of the alternatives, which is believed to be the most addictive drug
Crack
Marijuana is a what
Hallucinogen.
What do caffeine and cocaine have in common
They are stimulants
The difference between physical dependence and psychological dependence is what
Physical dependence is associated with the direct cause of withdrawal symptoms
Which of the following are psychoactive drugs associated with increased energy
Amphetamines
Gerald is very shy and will not play with his fellow first graders. If the teacher praised him only when he was interacting wiht his classmates, the teacher would be attempting to use what
Positive reinforcement
What reinforcement schedule helps explain the popularity of gambling
Variable-ratio
How can culture influence lecturing
Culture often determine the content of learning and can influence the degree to which operant and classical conditioning are used
Which of the following learning methods is the one that makes reference to the person using the behavior as ajninstru mental to obtain the consequences
Operant conditioning
What occurs when the reinforcement offered for behavior A is not as strong as the innate urge to do behavior B, and thus behavior B is preformed and behavior A is not performed
Instinctive drift
What kind of learning involves making connections between two events
associative
In Pavlov's classical conditioning studies, the bell before the conditioning is referred to as the what
Neutral stimulus
This concept in classical conditioning occurs when a person learns to be afraid of being in a pool but not afraid of being in a bathtub full of water
Discrimination
What is the form of associative learning in which the consequences of behavior produce changes in the probability of a behavior's occurrence
Operant conditioning
Which of the following is NOT one of the predictions of Thorndike's law of effect
If a unconditioned stimuli is associated with a neutral stimuli will become a conditioned stimuli
In Skinner's book, Walden Two, he presented what
A utopia created on the principles of operant conditioning
Wolfgang Kohler's experienced on apes with the issue of what
Insight learning
In operant conditioning p, the association is between a _________ and it's ___________
Behaviors; consequences
According to Thorndike's law of effect
behaviors followed by desirable outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by undesirable outcomes are weakened
Shaping is defined as the process of what
Reinforcing successive approximations of the target behavior
Which schedule of reinforcement is most resident to extinctions
Variable-ratio
The classical conditioning process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay without further condiriijgnis called what
Spontaneous recovery
An organism mental representation of the structure of physical space is what
Cognitive map
When there are only two groups of participants, the most commonly used statistical test is the
T-test
When there are more than two groups of participants, the appropriate statistical test to use is the
F-test
Which of the following research methods has the most control
Experiment
Which of the following is the most commonly used measure of variability
Standard deviation
Inferential statistics is used to
generalize to the population
A negative correlation typically means
Variables are related inversely
If you want to study the effects of dopamine on the amount of exercise in a rat, which would be the dependent variable
The amount of exercise
Which of the following techniques provides a detailed images of only the structure of the brain
MRI
What lobe of the brain seems to be responsible for language
Temporal
The part of the brain that seems to be responsible for receiving sensory information from the environment is what
Somatosensory cortex
The part of the neuron that receives information from neighboring cells is
Dendrites
The part of the neuron that sends information to neighboring cells is
Axon
The gap between cells is called a
Synapse
At which period of prenatal development is it most dangerous for a woman to take in substances that have an impact on a developing fetus
First two months
The process of culling neuronal connections to improve the efficiency of brain activity is called what
Pruning
Roughly at what age would a child reach the stage of formal operations?
12
What task might be beyond the reach of a child in the preoperational stage?
conservation
Which of the following skills makes formal operations different from other stages
Abstract logic
According to Piaget, basic knowledge structures are called
Schemas
The sensorimotor stage of cognitive development is one during which children do not have the ability to
Engage in imaginative play
The process of fitting into the environment is called, according to Piaget
Adaption
The periodic restructuring of schemas to fit new information into a revised organizational structure is called
Equilibrium
According to Piaget's theory, we develop schemas
Through experience
When physical energy is transformed into neural impulses, it is referred to as
transduction
The part of the eye responsible for receiving photons of light and then translating them into neural images
Retina
The part of the ear responsible for translating information into neural impulses is
Cochlea
The part of the brain responsible for coding auditory information
Temporal lobe
The part of the brain responsible for coding visual information
Occipital lobe
In signal detection theory, when a participant responds that a stimulus was present, and it was, it is called
Hit
A cue used to understand depth
Linear perspective
The structure in the eye that changes to accommodate the closeness or distance of an object
Lens
The structure in the ear that is responsible for gathering sound initially
Pinna
The receptor cells that make the transduction for the auditory system are
Hair cells
The cells responsible for coding the color in the eye
Cones
The point of focus for the eye that contains mostly cones
Fovea
What carry information from the rods and cones back out to the ganglion cells and then to the brain
Bipolar cells
Which of the following psychologists started the first psychology laboratory in Germany
Wihelm Wundt
Which philosopher discussed the mind-body problem
Descartes
Of the following approaches to psychology, which area would be the more concerned with the idea that people strive toward self-actualization
Humanistic
Wundt developed a technique for doing research that involved having people describe entering thoughts as they observed an object. This is called
Introspection
The person who is most responsible for developing the school of though called functionalism is
James
Who studied with Wundt and traveled to the U.S. to set up one of the first labs at Cornell University
T�tchener
Which of the following approaches focuses on free will and consciousness
Humanistic
The psychoanalytic approach to understanding personality was described by who
Freud
Which philosopher is responsible for the concept of Tabula Rasa
Locke
Both Plato and Socrates saw knowledge as
innate
The idea that fear could be learned is based on the work of
Watson
Which stage of sleep is also referred to as paradoxical sleep
REM
Difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep is called
Insomnia
Which of the following is the deepest stage of sleep
Stage 4
During which stage of sleep do night terrors occur
Stage 3 or Stage 4
Another term for sleep walking is
Somnambulism
The average adult requires how many hours of sleep per night
8 hours
During the night, our body temperature
drops then increases
Which group is most likely to suffer from enuresis
Young males
An automatic task
Requires a great deal of practice to develop
During a typical night's sleep, we go through all the cycle of sleep
4-6 times
Cynthia is dreaming p. She is probably in which stage of sleep
REM
During a typical night, each cycle of sleep lasts
90 minutes
Every time Rodrigo does well on his report card, his parents him out for ice cream. This is an example of
Positive reinforcement
If a ear is provided with reinforcement after ever 10 bar presses, the schedule is called a
Fixed-ratio
An example of negative reinforcement is
Removing chores
The person responsible for developing the framework of classical conditioning is
Pavlov
Witnessing the reinforcement of someone else's behavior has been found to increase the likelihood of that behavior in the witness. This is referred to as
vicarious reinforcement
According to Skinner, the most important environmental aspect that controls human behavior is the
Consequences of behavior
The tendency for stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned response is
Generalization
The psychologist who was responsible for developing the framework of operen conditioning was
Skinner
Getting paid a piecework at (x dollars per item made) is an example of
Fixed-ration schedule of reinforcement
humanistic psychology has recently been "rediscovered" and is now a popular approach to understanding behavior. This area is now called
Positive psychology
Which of the following approaches to psychology is most likely to have a paper entitled, "The role of the endocrine system as a secondary neurotransmitter
Biological
Assume you would like to look at the stars tonight. Since it is dark, you should try to use which cells in the eye to get a good look?
rods
The order of the bones in the medidle ear is
Malleaus, incus, stapes
Which of the following developmental milestones occurs first
Formation of a blastocyst