One reason that pathogenic microorganisms have an advantage in the host they infect is that they:
a. have previously been encountered through natural exposure
b. have previously been encountered through vaccination
c. strengthen the host's immune response
d
Examples of pathogens that cause human disease include:
a. bacteria
b. viruses
c. fungi
d. parasites (protozoans and worms)
e. All of the above are examples of pathogens that cause human disease
e
Which of the following is not associated with mucosal surfaces?
a. mucus-secreting goblet cells
b. lysozyme
c. M cells
d. white pulp
e. beating cilia
d
Which of the following is not a characteristic of inflammation?
a. inactivation of macrophages
b. increased vascular permeability and edema
c. vasodilation
d. pain
e. influx of leukocytes
a
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
a. lymphocytes: innate immune response
b. natural killer cell: kills virus-infected cells
c. macrophage: phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms
d. erythrocyte: oxygen transport
e. eosinophil: defense against
a
A term generally used to describe all white blood cells is:
a. hematopoietic cells
b. myeloid progenitor
c. dendritic cells
d. monocytes
e. leukocytes
e
Examples of granulocytes include all of the following except:
a. neutrophil
b. monocyte
c. basophil
d. eosinophil
e. All of the above are examples of granulocytes
b
The most abundant type of leukocyte in human peripheral blood is:
a. eosinophil
b. basophil
c. neutrophil
d. monocyte
e. lymphocyte
c
Which of the following statements is correct?
a. macrophages are granulocytes
b. macrophages are non-phagocytic
c. macrophages reside in the tissues
d. All of the above statements are false.
c
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
a. monocyte progenitor: macrophage
b. erythroid progenitor: megakaryocyte
c. myeloid progenitor: neutrophil
d. lymphoid progenitor: natural killer cell
e. None of the above is mismatched
e
Which of the following pairs of associations is mismatched?
a. large granular lymphocyte: T cell
b. megakaryocyte: platelet
c. B cell: plasma cell
d. monocyte: macrophage
e. myeloid progenitor: neutrophil
a
Which of the following statements is false?
a. During human development, hematopoiesis takes place at different anatomical locations
b. The hematopoietic stem cell gives rise to white blood cells but a different stem cell is the progenitor of red blood ce
b
Which of the following describes the flow of lymph through a lymph node draining an infected tissue?
a. efferent lymphatic vessel -> lymph node -> afferent lymphatic vessel
b. venule -> lymph node -> efferent lymphatic vessel
c. afferent lymphatic vessel
c
Immune cells within the lymphatic circulation are directly deposited into which of the following anatomical sites so that the cells may reenter the bloodstream?
a. right aorta
b. left subclavian vein
c. left carotid artery
d. high endothelial venule
e. he
b
Which of the following best describes the movement of a T cell through a lymph node?
a. Enters via efferent lymphatics and exits via bloodstream
b. Enters via afferent lymphatics and exits via bloodstream
c. Enters via bloodstream and exits via afferent l
e
Which of the following is the predominant route by which pathogens are brought from a site of infection into a lymph node?
a. efferent lymphatics
b. artery
c. vein
d. afferent lymphatics
e. high endothelial venule
d
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
a. T-cell activation: cell division and differentiation
b. effector B cell: plasma cell
c. plasma cell: antibody secretion
d. helper T cell: kills pathogen-infected cells
e. helper T cell: facilitates differenti
d
Vaccination is best described as prevention of severe disease by:
a. deliberate introduction of a virulent strain of an infectious agent
b. prior exposures to an infectious agent in an attenuated or weakened form
c. prophylactic treatment with antibiotics
b
Which of the following explains why immunity to influenza may appear to be relatively short-lived?
a. effective immunological memory fails to develop
b. immune responses to influenza involve innate immune mechanisms only
c. The primary and secondary immun
e
The primary lymphoid organs in humans are:
a. The bone marrow and the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
b. The bone marrow and the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
c. The spleen and the liver.
d. The thymus and the bone marrow
e. The thymus and t
d
An example of tissue damage caused by exotoxin release is:
a. the bactererium Vibrio cholerae and its associated disease "cholera"
b. the bacterium Yersinia pestis and its associated disease "plague"
c. the influenza virus and its associated disease "infl
a
No matter by which pathway the complement system is activated, activation converges on the cleaves of C3 into C3a and C3b, with C3b becoming bound to the surface of the pathogen responsible for activating the complement system
a. true
b. false
a
The membrane attack complex that results from activation of the complement system is composed of:
a. C1, C2, and C2
b. C3a and C3b
c. C5a and C5b
d. C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9
d
In the molecular description "CD14", the "CD" stands for:
a. cellular differentiator
b. cluster of differentiation
c. common descriptor
d. compact disk
b
Macrophage inflammatory cytokines include:
a. IL-12
b. IL-6
c. TNF-alpha
d. All three answers above are examples of macrophage inflammatory cytokines
d
The statement that neutrophils are dedicated phagocytes refers to the fact that:
a. neutrophils work really hard at ingesting and digesting foreign particles, but that task is only the beginning of the functions they fulfill
b. neutrophils are dedicated t
c
Addressins are:
a. carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins)
b. cell surface mucins
c. characterized by a common alpha-chain plus beta-chain structure
d. members of the immunoglobulin superfamily (Ig superfamily)
b
Selectins are:
a. carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins)
b. cell surface mucins
c. characterized by a common alpha-chain plus beta-chain structure
d. members of the immunoglobulin superfamily (Ig superfamily)
a
Integrins are:
a. carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins)
b. cell surface mucins
c. characterized by a common alpha-chain plus beta-chain structure
d. members of the immunoglobulin superfamily (Ig superfamily)
c
The ICAM family of molecules is an example of:
a. carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins)
b. cell surface mucins
c. characterized by a common alpha-chain plus beta-chain structure
d. members of the immunoglobulin superfamily (Ig superfamily)
d
A function the temperature increase (fever) caused by inflammatory cytokines is to:
a. activate complement components
b. decrease viral and bacterial replication
c. increase phagocytosis
d. all three answers above are correct
d
The acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and mannose-binding lectin) are produced in:
a. the bone marrow
b. the liver
c. the spleen
d. the thymus
b
Interferon beta can act on the cell that produced it (an autocrine response) and on an adjacent cell (a paracrine response)
a. true
b. false
a
NK cells kill virus-infected cells because the viral infection causes the cell to produce and display a ligan for the activating receptor of the NK cell
a. true
b. false
a
MATCH THE TERMS
A. Complement, macrophages, neutrophils
B. Antimicrobial peptides
C. NK cells
D. Activated macrophages
17. Extracellular: interstitial spaces, blood, lymph
18. Extracellular: epithelial surfaces
19. Intracellular: cytoplamsic
20. Intracell
17. A
18. B
19. C
20. D
The 2 regions of interest in the antibody molecule are called:
A. the carboxy region and the amino region
B. the constant region and the variable region
C. the heavy chain and the light chain
D. All the preceding answers are correct
b
IgE antibody molecules have 4 constant heavy regions whereas IgM antibody molecules have only 3 constant heavy regions.
A. True
B. False
B
The hypervariable regions of antibody molecules are located within the Fc portion of the molecules.
A. true
B. false
b
The epitope depicted in the accompanying illustion is an example of a linear eptiope
A. True
B. False
A