Why is apoptosis a more beneficial mode of cell death compared to necrosis?
necrosis causes the cell to swell and lyse, leaking its contents and
causing an inflammatory response
apoptosis causes the cell to fragment into pieces that can be phagocytosed
The steps of apoptosis include:
Normal cell > nuclear condensation > membrane
_________ > cell shrinkage > fragmenting > apoptotic bodies
> ___________
blebbing, phagocytosis
How do statins play a role in apoptosis? Is this process caspase dependent?
They cause a reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential which
increases leakiness and allowing release of SMAC leading to apoptosis, yes
Following DNA damage, p53 is ___________
activated
What role does p53 (tumor suppressor gene) play in apoptosis?
prevents the cell from replicating by stopping the cell cycle at G1
An active ___/_____ complex drives the cell cycle. How does p53
affect this complex?
CDK/Cyclin, inactivates it when damage is detected
What happens in cancer that apoptosis is unregulated and mainly absent?
mutations in "tumor suppressing" genes
In normal GF binding, the site is inactive when empty. Binding of the
EGF activates the tyrosine kinase receptor. Mutations and cancer cause
tyrosine kinase to be constantly _______ which leads to:
active, constant cell growth
SMACs located inside ___________ are released into the cytosol
following an increase in permeability and bind to ____
mitochondria, IAPs (inhibitor of apoptosis protein)
IAPs normally __________ apoptosis and __________ caspases
inhibit, inhibit
When IAPs are deactivated, apoptosis can _________
proceed
Protein that "pokes holes" in the mitochondrial membrane,
increasing it's permeability (or "leakiness")
Bcl-2
Cytochrome C and SMAC are different proteins that perform
_____________, which is:
the same function: initiate apoptosis via caspases
There are two main caspases:
initiators and executioners
The death receptor pathway is an example of a(n) ___________ pathway
extracellular
When extracellular and intracellular (or intrinsic) apoptosis
pathways overlap, it is called
convergence
Ras and RhoA lead to cell ___________
proliferation
What drugs target RhoA and therefore cell proliferation and migration?
statins
What is a virus that contains two single-stranded linear RNA
molecules and carries its genetic blue print in the form of RNA
instead of DNA?
retrovirus
Retrovirus contain viral RNA and several copies of ______________ for
rapid replication
reverse transcriptase
Is the incorporation of the virus genome into the host temporary or permanent?
permanent
Host-cell _____________ makes virus-related RNA
RNA polymerase
What is the permanent step in the life cycle of a retrovirus that is
disrupted can prevent proliferation?
integration into the host chromosome
Reverse transcriptase is highly error prone and has a fast
replication cycle. Why does this matter to HIV positive patients?
every HIV virus is unique which makes it more difficult to treat.
drug therapy must be targeted to individuals and modified over time to
prevent resistance as mutation occurs
What is the name of the initial docking protein used by HIV to infect
host cells?
gp120
What is the name of the secondary docking protein that serves to
stabilize the fusing of the virus with the host cell?
gp41
HIV belongs to a subset of retrovirus called
lentiviruses
HIV infects the _______ T cells and begins to replicate
CD4
The number of CD4 and viral load of a patient is __________ correlated
inversely
After the infection, there is an initial drop in CD4 count followed
by ____________ during latency
an increase
What are 3 enzymes that can be targeted in HIV therapy?
reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease
Antiretroviral therapy is always a combination of two Nucleoside
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) and a:
NNRTI, Protease Inhibitor, Integrase I, or Entry I
Taking multiple HIV meds serves to protect the _________ and prevent
drug __________
immune system, resistance
How does the drug AZT differ from the nucleoside thymidine?
it has a 3' N group instead of an OH
What is the target of NRTIs?
reverse transcriptase
NRTI is a ____ dependent DNA polymerase
RNA
NRTI must enter the cell and be ______________
triphosphorylated
These drugs competitively inhibit incorporation of normal nucleotides
and terminate chain elongation due to lack of 3' OH group
NRTIs
These drugs act as non-competitive inhibitors in HIV therapy
NNRTIs
Do NNRTIs require phosphorylation for activity?
no
NNRTIs bind to a hydrophobic pocket in the p66 subunit of
reverse transcriptase
Protease inhibitors prevent infected T-cells from producing:
new copies of the virus
Once HIV's genetic material is inside DNA, the cell produces genetic
material that must be cut up and put together correctly to form new
copies of the virus. What completes this function?
protease
These drugs are designed to prevent cleavage, meaning a virus cannot
mature and infect a new cell (immature viruses)
protease inhibitors
Do protease inhibitors target and inhibit ALL proteases?
no, drugs are specific for HIV proteases
Protease inhibitors end in ____ except 3 that are actually integrase
inhibitors (Raltegravir, Dolutegravir, Elvitegravir)
vir
What are some problems with protease inhibitors?
require STRICT patient adherence, GI side effects can affect compliance
_______ inhibitors target the permanent incorporation step
integrase
Newest form of HIV therapy are ___________ inhibitors
entry
Entry Inhibitors are (sometimes/always) used in combination with
other therapies
always
Fuzeon is an entry inhibitor that targets the gp___ protein
41
gp120 anchors HIV to target cell binding to CD4. CCR5 chemokine
receptor binding stabilizes complex and allows gp41-mediated fusion of
virus membrane with target cell membrane. How does the drug Miraviroc
disrupt this process?
it's a CCR5 antagonist. the drug binds to CCR5 preventig gp120
binding, fusion, and entry
LDLRs are up-regulated by statins through _______
SREBP
What are the ligands for LDLR?
ApoB-100 and ApoE
PCSK9 promotes the degradation of _________
LDLRs
Is PCSK9 upregulated by statins? What effect could this have on LDLR?
yes, it could reduce statin's LDLR-raising ability
An adaptor protein facilitating the endocytic internalization of LDLR
in the liver, a process that is required for receptor-mediated uptake
of LDL
LDLRAP1
There are two types of familial hypercholesterolemia, one is
autosomal dominant and one is autosomal recessive. Which results from
a PCSK9 gain of function mutation?
autosomal dominant FH
Autosomal recessive FH affects what proteins/receptors?
ARH affects LDLRAP1 while phytosterolemia affects ABCA5 or ABCA8
What are the first line of treatment for hypercholesterolemia patients?
statins
What are some of the moderate intensity statins used?
Sim, Prav, Lov
What are two examples of high intensity statins?
Ator, Rosu
If a patient does not achieve the anticipated response from
moderate/high intensity statins, What are 4 additional therapies that
can be added?
Ezetimibe (Zetia), PCSK9 inhibitors, and both BAS and Niacin have
been assessed as monotherapies but do not show evidence of benefit as
co-treatments to statins
Fatty deposits around joints are known as
xanthomas
In genomic DNA sequencing, polymorphisms indicate duplications which
make one residue too long. Is this typically a disease-causing mutation?
no
Do mutations in exons typically results in disease?
no
What is another name for mutations in non-coding areas of the genome
such as exons?
silent
When reading genomic DNA sequencing, what does a * represent?
stop codon
A premature stop codon is what type of mutation?
nonsense
This type of mutation occurs when the addition or loss of DNA bases
changes a gene's reading frame (3 bases that each code for one amino
acid); this mutation shifts the grouping of these bases and changes
the code for amino acids. The resulting protein is usually
nonfunctional. Insertions, deletions, and duplications can all be this
type of mutation
frameshift
This type of mutation is a change in one DNA base pair that results
in the substitution of one amino acid for another in the protein made
by a gene.
missense
As part of DNA genome sequencing you see that L21dup indicates an
upregulation in PCSK9. What impact will this have on statin treatment?
it will increase effectiveness so a smaller dose will be needed
NPC1L1 aids in the _______________ from the GI tract. The drug
Ezetimibe targets this protein channel.
absorption of cholesterol
Polymorphic variations in NPC1L1 gene could be associated with
non-response to
ezetimibe treatment
In protein homeostasis, protein __________ provides an important
mechiams for regulating biological activities
degradation
The secretory exocytic pathway of proteins consists of what two organelles?
ER and Golgi
Which organelle serves as the major quality control site for proteins?
ER
In the ER, improperly folding proteins are subject to degradation
through the ______ pathway via autophagy
ERAD
Impaired ability of the ER to handle misfolded proteins leads to
stress and _______ response
unfolded protein response (UPR)
Efficient degradation of misfolded proteins is critical as they can
cause many disease states including
prion disease, alzheimers, parkinsons, type II diabetes
In the cytosol, protein degradation is largely mediated through the
action of
ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)
What are considered the recycling centers of the cell because they
degrade virtually all biomolecules?
lysosomes
Proteins are folded in the ____ and sent to the _____ for further
modifications. If a misfolded protein is detected, quality control
will send it to lysosomes for degradation through ___________.
ER, Golgi, autophagy
___________ is a highly conserved, small protein in ALL eukaryotic
cells that contains 7 lysine residues
ubiquitin
In the process of ________________, the carboxylic acid of the
C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin forms an isopeptide bond with the
epsilon group of a lysine (side chain) residue of a target protein
monoubiquitination
During ______________, the carboxylic acid of the C-terminal glycine
of a fresh ubiquitin molecule forms an isopeptid bond with the epsilon
amino group of one of the 7 lysine residues OR the N-terminal amino
group of the bound ubiquitin. The chain is usually 4+ in lenth
polyubiquitination
There are 3 main ubiquitination enzymes: E1, E2, and E3. Which
conveys specificity?
E3
Of this 3 ubiquitination enzymes, which has only 2? Which has 35
different enzymes? Which has hundreds?
E1, E2, E3
The existence of multiple E1, E2, and E3 enzymes in hierarchical
order allows for _____________ of the process and high substrate specificity
tight regulation
Lysine 48-linked polyubiquitin chain targets protein for
_____________ degradation and can be targeted for drug therapy
proteasome
Multi-monoubuquitination targets ______________ proteins for
internalization and lysosomal degradation. What does this process determine?
turnover rate
Does the 26S proteasome require ATP for proteolysis?
yes
What is the 26S proteasome?
machine" that degrades protein
The 26S proteosome is comprised of a 20S proteasome with alpha and
beta subunits and a 19S _________ particle. Where does the 19S
particle attach?
regulatory, at the alpha ring of the 20S
In proteasome degradation, a target protein needs to be
polyubiquitinated by at least ____ ubiquitins in order to be recognized
4
The recognition of the target protein by the 19S regulatory particle
depends on
ATP
What is required of the target protein in order for it to fit into
the small barrel of the 26S proteasome for degradation? What else is
needed to make this happen?
partial unfolding, ATP hydrolysis
In protein degradation, what occurs just prior to the passage of the
unfolded substrate protein into the core of the 26S proteasome?
deubiquitination
The alpha ring allows a peptide with no more than 4 residues to enter the
20S core particle
Proteolysis by _________ of the 20S particle creates short peptides
beta subunits
Proteasome inhibitors have anti-_______ effects. What are they used
to treat?
tumor, multiple myeloma
Proteasome inhibitors disrupt regulated degradation of pro-apoptotic
factors, causing an accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins which
leads to ______________. These drugs are recognizable by the suffix
-____ . What is the name of the first oral form of these drugs?
cell toxicity, -mib, Ixazomib
UPR is a cellular stress response associated with what organelle?
ER
A key player in UPR response is GPR78, aka ___) which is a molecular chaperone
BiP
What are the 3 intracellular receptors that are activated upon GRP78
(BiP) dissociation?
PERK, ATF6, IRE1
When PERK is activated, it leads to ___________ arrest
translational
When ATF6 is activated it leads to an increase in transcription of ER
stress response genes. This increase is known as
upregulation
Activation of IRE1 encourages
apoptosis
The translational arrest by PERK, ATF6, and IRE1 is mediated through
phosphorylation of of
elF2alpha
The _____ pathway utilizes the UPS to eliminate misfolded proteins in
the ER
ERAD
During _________, misfolded proteins are retrograde transported
across the ER membrane into the cytosol through the Sec61 peptide channel
retrotranslocation
In addition to being the building blocks for DNA/RNA, nucleotides
serve as energy carriers for the cell via ___/___, components of NAD
and ___, and signal transducers such as cAMP and _____
ATP/GTP, FAD, cGMP
What are the two pathways for nucleotide synthesis?
de novo, salvage
What function is dependent on the de novo synthesis of nucleotides?
immune
The de novo nucleotide synthesis pathway occurs in 3 stages:
synthesis of ___________
reduction of ribonucleotides to _____________
conversion of dUMP to ____
ribonucleotides
deoxyribonucleotides
TMP
Bases and nucleosides released during degradation of nucleic acids
are recycled to regenerate nucleotides in:
salvage pathway
What is the key to both de novo and salvage nucleotide synthesis?
PRPP
What is PRPP synthesized from?
ribose 5-phosphate
What enzyme converts ribose 5-phosphate into PRPP? What is required?
PRPP synthetase, ATP
De novo nucleotide synthesis occurs in most cells EXCEPT
RBCs
In de novo nucleotide synthesis, which aa residue should you follow?
Glycine
What is the key regulatory enzyme and committed step in de novo synthesis?
PRPP amidotransferase
What are the feed-forward activators of the rate-limiting step in de
novo NT synthesis?
PRPP and glutamine
What are the feedback inhibitors of the rate-limiting step in de novo
NT synthesis?
IMP, GMP, and AMP
The amide nitrogen of glutamine is transferred to PRPP at C1 to form:
PRA
Antifolate drugs target what two enzymes in de novo NT synthesis?
GAR and AICAR transformylases
Folate once taken into the body is converted to its active form THF
by what enzyme?
DHFR, dihydrofolate reductase
Micronutrient required for TMP and IMP synthesis
folate
Inosine monophosphate or ___ regulates PRPP amidotranferase. Do high
levels inhibit or activate?
IMP, inhibit
AMP and GMP are made from
IMP
What is the energy source for AMP synthesis?
GTP
AMP and GMP also regulate the formation of IMP by inhibiting which enzyme?
GAR transformylase AICAR transformylase
PRPP amidotransferase Adenylosuccinate lyase
3. PRPP amidotransferase
Synthetases require ____
ATP
What is the rate-limiting step in AMP Synthesis?
adenylosuccinate synthetase
What is the rate-limiting step in IMP Synthesis?
IMP dehydrogenase
Is diphosphate to triphosphate kinase specific?
no
___ is the energy for AMP, while ___ is the energy for GMP
GTP, ATP
Is there more or less regulation/steps in the de novo synthesis of
pyrimidine ribonucleotides compared to that of purines?
less
What is the precursor to cytidine and thymidine nucleotides?
UMP
What are the two activators of CPS II (carbomyl phosphate synthetase II)
PRPP and ATP
What are the feedback inhibitors of CPS II
UTP and CTP
What is the feedback inhibitor of OMP decarboxylase?
UMP
Disease state caused by orotate phosphoribosyl transferase and OMP
decarboxylase deficiencies. Characterized by developmental delay,
megaloblastic anemia and elevated levels of orotic acid (orotate) in
urine. How is it treated and why?
Orotic aciduria, treated with uridine because UTP shuts down oratate production
Precursor to cytidine and thymidine nucleotides
UMP
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II (CPS-II) is:
a. Activated by PRPP b. Inhibited by UMP c. Activated
by ATP d. The key committed step in the formation of carbamoyl phosphate
All but B
ATP, Bicarbonate, glutamine and CPS II react together to form
________ which then becomes ______.
Carbomoyl phosphate, OMP
OMP becomes UMP via ____________. UMP becomes UTP which then become
CTP via _____________.
OMP decarboxylase, CTP synthetase
IMP is capable of becoming both ATP or GTP. What determines its final form?
the enzyme that acts on it, adenylylsuccinate synthetase or IMP dehydrogenase
Synthesis of deoxynucleotides from their corresponding
ribonucleotides is catalyzed by what highly regulated enzyme (is also
a drug target)? What does this enzyme do? This enzyme only works on:
ribonucletide reductase, replaces the OH at the 2'C with a H,
ribonucleoside diphosphates
UMP is the precursor for dTMP but not the IMMEDIATE precursor. What is?
dUMP
dUMP is converted to dTMP by _________, a drug target
thymidylate synthase
What does thymidylate synthase do to dUMP?
adds a methyl group
Initial activation of RR (ribonucleotide reductase) occurs via ___
and leads to the formation of dCTP and ___
ATP, TTP
High [TTP] lead to the inhibition of CDP, why? This also leads to the
activation of GDP to dGTP. High [dGTP] leads to the inhibition of UDP
and the activation of ADP leading to dADP and finally dATP. High
[dATP] levels lead to the shutdown of ___________, making it the
master regulator of this entire pathway
allosterically blocks, RR (ribonucleotide reductase)
What gets cleaved off during nucleotide breakdown? What do you end up with?
phosphates get cleaved off, free bases and ribose-1-phosphate
Some nitrogenous bases are reused to re-form nucleotides in the
salvage pathway. What happens to the rest?
degraded and excreted
Adenine and Guanine get broken down into __________ which is then
oxidized to uric acid
xanthine
What is the correct sequence of appearance of intermediates in the
degradation of adenosine?
a. Adenosine --> hypoxanthine -->xanthine --> inosine
--> uric acid
b. Adenosine --> inosine --> hypoxanthine --> xanthine
--> uric acid
c. Adenosine --> xanthine --> hypoxanthine --> inosine
--> uric acid
B
Disease state caused by the overproduction of purine nucleotides
followed by excess breakdown and elimination
gout
Disease state caused by an HGPRT deficiency, leads to severe
neurologic disease characterized by self-mutilating behavior,
spasticity, writhing of arms and legs, and cognaive deficits. Causes
excess uric acid production
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Tamoxifen is an example of a drug that targets
A. Receptor tyrosine kinases
B. Nuclear receptors
C. G protein coupled receptors
D. Adhesion receptors
B
Cetuximab specifically prevents
A. EGF from binding to its receptor
B. The EGFR from undergoing autophosphorylation
C. Intracellular domain binding of the EGFR
A
Terminally differentiated cells can withdraw from the cell cycle at
A. S phase
B. G0 phase
C. G1 phase
D. G2 phase
B
In HIV therapy, the earliest possible target to prevent replication
of the retrovirus is
A. Reverse transcriptase
B. Integrase
C. Protease
D. Reconstruction enzyme
A
Put the following steps of retroviral replication in the correct order:
1. cDNA strand is inserted into host chromosome
2. Reverse transcriptase is used to make viral DNA from viral RNA
3. Translated into viral proteins that are used to make the virus envelope
4. Host-cell RNA polymerase makes virus-related RNA
5. Assembly, budding and release
A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B. 2, 1, 4, 3, 5
C. 3, 1, 2, 4, 5
D. 1, 3, 2, 4, 5
B
Transcriptionally active chromatin is
A. Acetylated, methylated, heterochromatin
B. Deacetylated, methylated, euchromatin
C. Acetylated, undermethylated, euchromatin
D. Deacetylated, undermethylated, heterochromatin
C
IAPs normally apoptosis and caspases.
A. Suppress, activate
B. Suppress, inactivate
C. Promote, activate
D. Promote, inactivate
B
The rate limiting step of the Michaelis Menten equation is
A. E + S ES
B. ES E + P C.
A and B occur at the same rate, so both are rate limiting
B
Niacin can _________ glycogen stores and _________blood glucose levels.
A. Deplete, lower
B. Increase, elevate
C. Deplete, elevate
D. Increase, lower
C
An enzyme acting on S at a low concentration has a Km.
A. Low
B. High
A
In glycolysis, hexokinase is
A. Inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate
B. Inhibited by Mg2+
C. Inhibited by ATP
D. Inhibited by glucose
A
In cancer cells, GLUT 1, GLUT 4, and hexokinase are
A. Upregulated
B. Downregulated
C. Unaffected
A
In the PDH complex, E2 is responsible for
A. Regeneration of the oxidized form of lipoamide
B. Transfer of the acetyl group to CoA
C. The oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
B
NADH is an of the citric acid cycle
A. Activator
B. Inhibitor
B
Following a carb-rich meal, how would the body respond?
A. By activating gluconeogenesis.
B. By activating the citric acid cycle.
C. By activating glycolysis.
D. None of the above.
C
In the pentose phosphate pathway there is generation of
A. 2 NADPH, 2 fructose 6 phosphates, 2 glyceraldehyde 3 phosphates
B. 6 NADPH, 3 fructose 6 phosphates, 1 glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
C. 2 NADPH, 6 fructose 6 phosphates, 2 glyceraldehyde 3 phosphates
D. 6 NADPH, 2 fructose 6 phosphates, 1 glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
D
_________ can lead to the production of oxaloacetate which feeds into gluconeogenesis
A. Glycerol
B. Phosphoenolpyruvate
C. Alanine
D. Glycerol 3 phosphate
C
Gluconeogenesis is positively regulated by
A. ATP, insulin
B. AMP, Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate
C. Acetyl CoA
D. Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase
C
The RNA primer in DNA replication provides the
A. free 3' OH to which nucleotides are added
B. free 5' OH to which nucleotides are added
C. free 3' PO4 to which nucleotides are added
D. free 5' PO4 to which nucleotides are added
A
In the methylation of DNA, what molecule is always the donor of the
methyl group?
A. AMP
B. SAM-e
C. PDH
D. DNMT
B
Which of the following groups making up the core structure of an
amino acid will affect the chemical behavior of a peptide?
A. The carboxyl group
B. The amino group
C. The R group
D. The hydrogen
C
The amino acid sequence determines ___________ of a protein A. structure
B. location
C. function
D. A and C
E. All of the above
D
In deoxyhemoglobin, the LYS residue on the alpha subunit interacts
with the C-terminal of the beta subunit. Which of the following
statements BEST describes the type of bond formed? A. Covalent bond
B. Hydrogen bond
C. Ionic bond
D. Peptide bond
C
Which statement BEST describes the effect of epinephrine on
mobilization of fats?
A. stimulates activation of lipoprotein lipase which converts
triglycerides to fatty acid that then enter fat cells to be stored
B. stimulates activation of gastric lipase which converts
triglycerides to fatty acid that are then absorbed by the intestines
and packaged into chylomicrons
C. stimulates activation of hormone sensitive lipase which converts
triglycerides to fatty acid that then enter muscle cells to be used
for energy
D. stimulates activation of carnitine acytransferase which converts
triglycerides to fatty acid that then enter mitochondria to be oxidized
C
During ketosis,
A. oxaloacetate levels are low, limiting the activity of the citric
acid cycle and the use of acetyl-COA in the citric acid cycle; this
leads to the conversion of acetyl-CoA into ketone bodies.
B. oxaloacetate levels are low, limiting the activity of the citric
acid cycle and increasing the use of acetyl-COA for the synthesis of
fatty acids.
C. oxaloacetate levels are high, increasing the activity of the
citric acid cycle and production of acetyl-COA which is stored in the
liver as ketone bodies.
D. oxaloacetate levels are low, limiting the activity of the citric
acid cycle and the use of ketone bodies in the citric acid cycle; this
leads to the conversion of ketone bodies into acetyl-CoA
A
Which of the following statements is/are TRUE regarding the
biological role of lipids?
1. structural component of membranes
2. major energy source during the fed state
3. transmit biological information
4. aid in the emulsification of fats
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 1, 2 and 4 only
D. 1, 3 and 4 only
E. all statements are true
D
The three most nutritionally important omega 3 fatty acids are
alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic
acid (DHA). Which statement BEST explains why these fatty acids are essential.
A. the body is unable to make long chain fatty acids
B. the body is unable to make polyunsaturated fatty acids
C. the body is unable to make monosaturated fatty acids
D. the Surgeon General wants Americans to eat more fish
B
Flash forward to the fall semester of your P3 year. You find yourself
in pharmacology class where Dr. Riggs is going over the mechanism of
action of a cancer drug, Ara-A. This drug is an antimetabolite of
deoxyadenosine. In addition to being a competitive inhibitor of DNA
polymerase, Dr. Riggs also says that Ara-A reduces cellular levels of
deoxyadenosine triphopshate but does not affect de novo synthesis of
ribonucelotides. Dr. Riggs asks: ?based on what you learned in
biochemistry, how do you think Ara-A is doing this?
A. Ara-A nucleotide(s) inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, blocking
formation of deoxyadenosine triphosphate
B. Ara-A nucleotide(s) inhibits PRPP synthetase, blocking formation
of deoxyadenosine triphosphate
C. Ara-A nucleotide(s) inhibits PRPP amidotransferase, blocking
formation of deoxyadenosine triphosphate
D. Ara-A nucleotide(s) inhibits adenylosuccinate synthetase,
blocking formation of deoxyadenosine triphosphate
A
Dephosphorylation of a nucleotide is the process by which the
A. the amino group is removed
B. the glycosidic bond is cleaved
C. the phosphate group is removed
D. ribose is converted to deoxyribose
C
OMP decarboxylase is a key enzyme in the de novo synthesis of
pyrimidine nucleotides. A deficiency in this enzyme will cause
1. Reduced UMP levels
2. Reduced TTP levels
3. Orotic aciduria
4. Reduced CTP levels
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 1, 3 and 4 only
D. all are correct
D
Leucovorin is a folate analog that can be used in cancer patients to
prevent harmful effects of methotrexate WITHOUT affecting the
anticancer effect of methotrexate (MTX). Based on what you know about
the mechanism of MTX, which statement BEST explains how leucovorin may work.
A. Leucovorin is converted to tetrahydrofolate reductase (THF)
without using dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), supplying THF for the
formation of THF-derivatives needed for nucleotide synthesis
B. Leucovorin blocks methotrexate from binding to thymidylate
synthetase, thus allowing TMP formation to resume
C. Leucovorin competes with methotrexate for binding to DHFR,
resuming THF synthesis and formation of THF-derivatives needed for
nucleotide synthesis
A
What is the mechanism of action of lovastatin?
A. Lowers the blood pressure by inhibiting protein kinase ATK.
B. Lowers cholesterol by inhibiting HMG CoA reductase.
C. Lowers the blood pressure by inhibiting HMG CoA reductase.�
D. Increases good cholesterol by inhibiting protein kinase ATK.
B
In the purine salvage pathway, the formation of guanosine
monophosphate (GMP) from guanine is catalyzed by:
A. hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT)
B. adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT)
C. uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (UPRTase)
D. purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP)
A
Inhibition of PRPP synthetase will
A. decrease purine de novo nucleotide synthesis
B. increase purine de novo nucleotide synthesis
C. decrease pyrimidine de novo nucleotide synthesis
D. increase pyrimidine de novo nucleotide synthesis
E. A and C
E
Inhibition of xanthine oxidase by allopurinol blocks formation of _____________:
A. adenine
B. uric acid
C. guanine
D. inosine
B
In purine de novo synthesis, formation of guanosine monophosphate
(GMP) is activated by ________________.
A. uridine triphosphate (UTP)
B. inosine triphosphate (ITP)
C. guanosine triphosphate (GTP)
D. adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
D
ribonucleotide reductase (RR) converts _____________ to ______________
A. ribonucleoside monophosphate (NMP) to deoxyribonucleoside
monophosphate (dNMP)
B. ribonucleoside diphosphate (NDP) to deoxyribonucleoside
diphosphate (dNDP)
C. deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate (dNDP) to ribonucleoside
diphosphate (NDP)
D. deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate (dNDP) to deoxynucleoside
B
SCID (or bubble boy disease) is associated with a deficiency in
adenosine deaminase (ADA), causing levels of deoxyadenosine
triphosphate (dATP) to increase. High dATP inhibits DNA synthesis by:
A. inhibiting DNA polymerase
B. inhibiting thymidine monophosphate (TMP) synthesis
C. inhibiting PRPP synthesis
D. inhibiting ribonucleotide reductase (RR)
D
True or False: in the pyrimidine de novo pathway, thymidine
monophosphate (TMP) originates form uridine monophosphate (UMP)
A. True
B. False
TRUE
thymidine is a ____________
A. ribonucleotide
B. ribonucleoside
C. deoxynucleotide
D. deoxynucleoside
D
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) is a key precursor in the
formation of
A. Pyrimidine nucleotides
B. Purine nucleotides
C. DNA
D. A and B only
E. A, B and C
E
Thymidylate synthase converts ___________ to _____________
A. deoxyuridine monophopshate (dUMP); thymidine monophosphate (TMP)
B. uridine monophosphate (UMP); thymidine monophosphate (TMP)
C. deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP); thymidine monophosphate (TMP)
D. thymidine; thymidine monophosphate (TMP)
A