Competitive Inhibition
inhibitor binds to active site
Km is increased
Vmax is unchanged
Uncompetitive Inhibition
- the inhibitor binds only with the enzyme-substrate complex
- Vmax and Km decreases
Noncompetitive Inhibition
inhibitor binds with enzyme at an allosteric site
Km stays same
V Max - decreases
How many NADH and FADH2 are made during B-Oxidation?
1 NADH and 1 FADH2
A 14 carbon fatty acid goes through how many cycles of B-Oxidation? How many acetyl coA are produced?
6
7
What reaction makes disulfide bonds?
oxidation reaction
What reaction breaks disulfide bonds?
reduction reaction
What kind of enzyme is insulin?
It is not an enzyme! It is a hormone.
Osmotic Pressure
the external pressure that must be applied to stop osmosis
What linkages are glucose?
alpha glycosidic bond
Prosthetic Groups are
nonprotein components of an enzyme REQUIRED for enzyme activity
Racemic Mixture
50/50 mixture of enantiomers,
NOT OPTICALLY ACTIVE!
Enantiomers
Nonsuperimposable stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other.
Same physical properties
Diastereomers
Isomers that have the opposite configuration at some but not all chiral centers
Different physical properties (MP BP)
Epimers
Stereoisomers that differ in absolute configuration at one chiral center
Meso Compound
Internal plane of symmetry
Even # of chiral centers
not optically active
Alanine
Ala, A
Glycine
Gly, G
Valine
Val, V
Leucine
Leu, L
Isoleucine
Ile, I
Methionine
Met, M
Proline
Pro, P
Phenylalanine
Phe, F
Tryptophan
Trp, W
Serine
Ser, S
Theronine
Thr, T
Tyrosine
Tyr, Y
Cystein
Cys, C
Asparagine
Asn, N
Glutamine
Gln, Q
4.25
Arganine
Arg, R
12.5
Histadine
His, H
Lysine
Lys, K
10.5
Aspartic Acid
Asp, D
Glutamic Acid
Glu, E
Atomic # is
the number of protons
Mass # is
protons plus neutrons
zymogen
an inactive substance that is converted into an enzyme when activated by another enzyme
Periodic Trend of Ionization Energy
Increase Left to Right & Bottom to Top
Periodic Trend of Electronegativity
Increase Left to Right & Bottom to Top
Atomic radius
More protons to electrons the smaller
Visible Light wavelengths
450nm-700nm
Energy and wavelengths are
inversely proportional
Energy and Frequency are
Directly proportional
Equation for frequency of light
f=c/lambda
Energy of light
E=(hc)/lambda or E=hf
Emile Durkheim
Functionalism
A father of sociology
macro-sociological perspective
Structural Functionalism
Emile Durkheim
Sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability
Milgram Experiment
Obedience
Asch Experiment
Conformity
Stereotype threat
fear that we may confirm a negative group stereotype (only negative results)
Social Identity
Age, race, and sexual orientation (along with disability status, religion, socioeconomic status, indigenous background, national origin and gender) are all elements of social identity
Prejudice vs Discrimination
Prejudice is thoughts
Discrimination is action
Utilitarian Organizations
members motivated by some incentive or reward
Normative Organizations
motivate membership through goals based on moral beliefs, such as in the case of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)
Primary Groups
Primary groups include those whom people interact with more often and thus tend to be smaller
Expressive Functions
Secondary Groups
secondary groups include those whom people interact with for shorter periods of time and thus tend to be larger
Instrumental functions
Birth Rates are the highest in regions that are
least developed (least industrialized)
Interactionism
focuses on social interaction - both verbal and non-verbal communication - and the effect of these individual social interactions on the greater social structure
Micro-level
Functionalsim
A theory that views society as a complex system composed of many individual parts working together to maintain solidarity and social stability
Macro-Level
Emile Durkheim
Manifest functions
intended or obvious functions of social structure
Conflict Theory
Competition for limited resources
Macro Level
Karl Marx - Max Weber
Social Constructionism
reality is not inherent but socially constructed
Rational Choice Theory
Decisions made based of comparing costs and benefits of various actions
Social Exchange THeory
Individuals assign awards and punishments then look for the one with the greatest personal benefit
Sick Role
People who are ill or sick are given by society a reasonable amount of deviant behavior
Master Status
A status with which a person is most identified.
Ascribed Status
a status into which one is born; involuntary status
Achieved Status
a status into which one enters; voluntary status; earned status
Role Conflict
Two or more statuses are held by an individual and there is a conflict between the expectations for each status
Role Strain
Conflicting expectations for a single role
Role Exit
When you transition from one role to another
Iron Law of Oligarchy
Tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small group of elite few
Cultural Assimilation
A process by which a person (culturally or language) comes to resemble those of another
Ethnocentrism
The belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group
Cultural Relativism
The principle that an individual human's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture
Absolute Poverty vs Relative Poverty
Absolute is not being able to meet requirements to live
Relative is not to the same standards as society
Social Learning Theory
Albert Bandera
cognitive process that takes place in social contexts and can occur purely through observation
Social facilitation
the presence of others improves our performance
Peer Pressure
situations where an individual feels indirectly pressured into changing their behavior to match that of their peers
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
When an individual unknowingly and unintentionally causes something to happen due to an the simple fact that he or she expects it to happen or when an individual unwittingly confirms a stereotype about themselves
Less energetic means
More Stable
A grignard reagent makes a nucleophile because
the carbon is more electronegative than the Mg
Ester
Amine
Amide
Imine
Ether
Lewis acids
Electron pair acceptor
Lewis Base
Electron pair Donor
acetate
Phenyl
Benzyl
Oxidizing agent
An oxidizing agent is a molecule with two or more highly electronegative atoms directly bonded together
Big 5 Factor Model (trait theory)
OCEAN Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
Psychoanalytic perspective on personality
Sigmund Freud
personality is shaped largely by the unconscious
Id
unconscious and responsible for our desire to avoid pain and seek pleasure
Ego
Logical thinking and planning
Superego
moral judgments of right and wrong (perfection)
Psychosexual Stages of development
oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital
Psychosocial stages of development
Humanist Perspective Personality
Carl Rogers
driven by an actualizing tendency to realize their own highest potential
(self actualization)
Behaviorist Perspective Personality
B.F. Skinner
learned behaviors
Social Cognitive Perspective
Interactions shape our personality
observational learning
Trait perspective on personality
Personality is a result of traits
Biological Perspective Personality
Hans Eysenck
Personality is a result of individual difference in brain biology
Monozygotic twins
identical
dizygotic twins
fraternal
Adoption studies
environmental influence
Three components of attitude
Affect Behavior Cognition
Cognitive Dissonance
we feel tension (dissonance) whenever we hold two thoughts or beliefs (cognitions) that are incompatible
Drive-Reduction Theory
A physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to address that need by engaging in behavior
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological needs
Safety needs
Love and Belonging
Esteem Needs
Self Actualization
Components of Emotion
Physiological Behavioral Cognitive
James-Lange Theory on Emotion
Physiological Arousal causes emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory on Emotion
Emotion and physiological arousal happen simultaneously
Schachter-Singer Theory on Emotion
Emotion determined by arousal and context
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Autism, ADHD
Neurocognitive Disorders
Alzheimers (Amyloid plaques), Parkinsons (substantia nigra),
Delirium
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov's Dogs
Pairing of a stimulus and response
Operant Conditioning
BF Skinner
reinforcement
Token Economy
behaviors are reinforced with tokens (secondary reinforcers) that can be exchanged for rewards (primary reinforcers)
Instinctive drift
species specific behavior that intrude on conditioned behavior
Encoding
process of changing/transforming information into a form that is more easily stored in our brains
Explicit Memory
Memory with conscious recall
(episodic and semantic)
Episodic Memory
Events you have personally experienced
Semantic Memory
General knowledge of facts / information
Implicit Memory
Memory without conscious recall
(procedural memory)
Procedural Memory
learning motor skills, physical actions
Webers Law
Just Noticeable Difference in effect
Bottom Up Processing
Start with senses and build to a final product
Top-Down
Start with idea or framework and fill in the detail
Gestalt Principal
Our minds tend to influence what we perceive in predictable ways
Jean Piagets Cognition
Kohlberg Development
Confirmation Bias
occurs when we seek evidence to support our conclusions or ideas more than we seek evidence to refute them
Brocas Area
speech production
Wernickes Area
Speech comprehension
Negative Delta G
Spontaneous
Exergonic
Thermodynamically favorable
Positive Delta G
Not Spontaneous
Endergonic
Thermo Unfavorable
Competitive Inhibitors bind to
Active Site on the enzyme
Uncompetitive Inhibitors bind to
Enzyme Substrate complex at an allosteric site
Non competitive Inhibitors bind to
the Enzyme at an allosteric site
Prokaryotes DNA
single circular DNA
Missense mutation
cause original AA to change to a different AA
Nonsense mutation
early stop codon
Silent mutation
A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.
Mutation in DNA compared to mutations in RNA
DNA causes a permanent change in genetic code while RNA is not permanent
Equation for Work
P=W/t so W=Pt
W=Fd
W=(mg)d
Buoyant Force
A high Ka means
the proton will dissociate (strong acid)
Critical Angle
The angle of incidence of a light ray which it must exceed for total internal reflection to occur.
Intermolecular attractions increase (PE or KE)
Potential Energy thus decreasing Kinetic Energy
Facultative anerobe
Is able to use oxygen but can live without it
Uncompetitive inhibition
decreases Km and Vmax
Competitive inhibition
increases Km and does not affect Vmax
Noncompetitive inhibition
Decreases Vmax
Km not affected
Where does B-Oxidation take place?
mitochondrial matrix (producing acetyl CoA)
Where does fatty acid biosynthesis take palce
cytoplasm (made from malonyl CoA)
Substitution Reaction
No change in the number of Pi Bonds
Addition reaction
increase the number of sigma bonds (less Pi bonds)
Elimination reaction
more pi bonds
SN1 reactions
1. Leaving group creates carbo cation
2. nucleophile attacks
(racemic mixture of enantiomers)
SN2 reactions
1. Nucleophile backside attack kicks off LG
(stereochem flips)
Thermodynamic product
is more stable
Kinetic product
occurs faster
Oocytes are arrested in ______ and are ______.
Prophase I and are diploid
synapsis is?
the bringing together of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I so that crossing over can occur
Do bacteria contain lysosomes?
No, Bacteria do not have membrane bound organelles and would thus lyse itslef.
Amphoteric
possessing both acid and base properties
Autonomy
refers to viewing one's circumstances as self-endorsed
Compliance
changing one's behavior in response to a request from another person who is of equal or lower status
Conformity
changing one's behavior in order to fit in with the norms of a particular social group, most typically a group that has a certain level of social importance
Obedience
changing one's behavior in response to the direct command or order of a person who is in authority or is of higher social status
Private acceptance
Private acceptance is an attitude change that can occur in a person due to the social influence of others
Cultural relativism
Cultural relativism is seen as the opposite of ethnocentrism, as cultural relativism is the principle of viewing aspects of a different culture from the viewpoint of that culture, rather than from one's own viewpoint
Cultural Capital
cultural capital, which includes non-financial social assets such as knowledge, skills, and experience
Social Capital
social capital, is also an important mechanism of social reproduction. It includes relationship-based social assets, like influence and "connections" with people in one's social network
independent variable
the variable that the researchers manipulate
dependent variable
the variable that the researchers are measuring
Schizotypal personality disorder
characterized by odd or eccentric behavior and acute discomfort in interpersonal relationships, to the point that people with this disorder rarely have social ties outside of immediate family members. Schizotypal individuals also frequently have notable c
Dependent personality disorder
difficulty in making everyday decisions, a need for advice and reassurance from others, reluctance to disagree with others out of a fear of loss of approval, feelings of helplessness or discomfort when alone and unrealistic preoccupation with fears of aba
Antisocial personality disorder
characterized by a pervasive pattern of indifference to, and violation of, the rights of others; this pattern can be seen through repetitive rule-breaking and failure to conform to social norms, failure to plan ahead, impulsivity, irritability and aggress
Boarderline personality disorder
unstable identity and interpersonal relationships, as well as by chronic feelings of emptiness and a history of suicidality,
Frontal lobe
Part of the brain associated with motor control, decision making, and long-term memory storage.
Temporal lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.
Limbic system
Neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives
amygdala and hypothalamus
The endolymph in the cochlea vs the semicircular canal
Cochlea is for hearing, semicircular canal is for balance
What are the three theorists considered to be founds of the modern sociological tradition as a separate field?
Durkheim, Marx, Weber (functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionalism)
Gestalt Psychology
Fill in the blanks to make a whole object
Hypothalamus hormones target
anterior pituitary
anterior pituitary hormones
FLAT PEG
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH - Prolactin, Endorphins, GH
FSH
anterior pituitary
LH
anterior pituitary
ACTH
anterior pituitary
TSH
anterior pituitary
Prolactin
anterior pituitary
Endorphins
anterior pituitary
GH
anterior pituitary
Posterior Pituitary
ADH, Oxytocin
ADH
posterior pituitary
Acts Directly on H2O
Jean Piagets stages of development
Sensor Motor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational
Confirmation bias
the tendency to only search for information that will confirm what we already think is true
fixedness
the inability to see a probelm from a fresh perspective
Heuristics
helps us make short-cuts in problem sovling but may lead to errors in judgement
Three components of emotion
Physiological, behavioral, cognitive
Behaviorist approach to language
learn through operant conditioning
Noam Chomsky
innate ability to learn language
Personality
individual pattern of thinking, feeling, and behavior associated with each person
Erik Erikson
trust vs mistrust
autonomy vs shame
initiative vs guilt
industry vs inferiority
identity vs role confusion
intimacy vs isolation
generativity vs stagnation
integrity vs despair
Antibodies are created by
B lymphocytes
Antigens bind to
B lymphocytes
The 30s ribosome initiates
translation by detecting AUG
Delta G does not tell us about
Rate
Stigma
a negative reaction to an individual/group that is viewed as inferior or is degrading
Structure of glucose
Aldose Pyranose
Gluconeogenesis occurs in the
liver
equation for focal length
humoral response
production of antibodies by B cells
tautomerization
most likely in the presence of an acid
- ketones to enols
type of isomerization involving the transfer of a hydrogen atom from one position to another in a molecule and the movement of a double bond
Equation for flow
Note radius
Wavelengths of waves
Alpha Decay
2/4 (charge/mass)
Beta Decay
-1/0 (charge/mass)
Nucleophilicity increases
The less stable, more energetic, more reactive (decreasing electronegativity)
Sn2 reactions need
sterically unhindered
Reduction potential is directly proportional to
electronegativity
Electronegativity is
the attraction to pick up an electron
Ionization energy is
the energy required to remove an electron
Thin Layer Chromatography
Stationary phase - polar
Mobile phase - nonpolar
HPLC
Stationary phase - polar
Mobile phase - nonpolar
R-HPLC
Stationary phase - nonpolar
Mobile phase - polar
Stronger bonds are
shorter
more polar
Work =
Fdcos(theata)
change in kinetic energy
Energy
LG's are
more stable (resonance)
pH=
pka + log ([A-]/[HA])
-log([H+])
pH>pKa
deprotonated
pH<pKa
protonated
Kinematic Equations
Steps of glycolysis
Glucose
Glucose-6-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
3-phosphoglycerate
2-phosphoglycerate
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Pyruvate
Lewis Acid
Electron acceptor
Positively charged... its an acid
Lewis Base
Electron Donator
Negatively charged... its a base
E(not) cell is
standard cell potential which is the sum of reduction and oxidation potentials
Electrons always flow
Anode to Cathode
Oxidation to Reduction
Nucleophile to Electrophile
How do you determine what is the cathode or anode given a list of reduction potentials?
The cathode should be the bigger reduction potential. That means that the smaller reduction potential (or the more negative reduction potential) is the oxidation and should be flipped so that the total standard potential can be calculated by adding the re
What is the structure of a fatty acid
Carboxylic acid attached to a hydrocarbon
What is the equation for average velocity.
Vavg= Total displacement / Time
If pKb > pKa then
the solution is basic
The smaller the pKa
the more acidic
Inelastic Collision
loss of some energy
Energy of a photon
E=hf
Frequency of a wave
f=hc/lambda
Mixed-type Inhibition
Vmax decreases
Km increases
Bond Dissociation energys are always
Positive. They are essentially potential energy and there is no such thing as negative energy
What is needed to break bonds
Energy
Tautomers
Isomers that can interconvert by exchanging the location of a proton.
Strength of Electric Field Equation
E=F/q
Dalton's Law of partial pressure
Sum of all the partial pressures equals the total pressure. Conversely, the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture is equal to the mole fraction of that gas multiplied by the total pressure of the gas Py=XyPtotal
Ideal gases
1 mole = 22.4L
(insignificant to real gases)
Volume of a gas is defined as
the free space in the container
3' end of a tRNA
CCA so it can bind an amino acid by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
Eukaryote Ribosome Small and Large subunit
40S & 60S
Prokaryote Ribosome Small and Large subunit
30S & 50S
The period of a pendulum equation does not account for
mass
Increased temperature affects solubility of
gases by decreasing solubility
solids by increasing solubility
How much ATP is produced from Acetyl-CoA
10 ATP per one Acetyl-CoA
What does Benedict's test test for
Reducing sugars such as Glucose that contain hemiacetals
Not glycogen because it is non-reducing (acetal)
Where is glucose absorbed
Small intestine
Digestion of carbohydrates and lipids begins where
Mouth
Neurons, red blood cells (RBCs), and skeletal and cardiac muscle cells are permanent cells
They do not divide
Social Reproduction
when social inequality is passed down to future generations
Actor/observer bias
occurs when individuals attribute their own actions to situational causes, as opposed to dispositional factors. In this instance, the youth is blaming the situation (i.e.,someone else did something that caused him to act).
Conflict Theory
A theoretical framework that emphasizes the role of power differentials in producing social order.
Psychoanalytical Perspective
Childhood experiences shape whom we will become as an adult
Behaviorist Perspective
The environment shapes whom we will become through reinforcement
In what cognitive stage (Piaget) do kids obtain object permanence?
Concrete Operational
In what cognitive stage (Piaget) do kids obtain abstract thinking?
Formal-operational
If the transmitting medium has a higher index of refraction than the incident medium then
the ray will bend toward the normal (vertical)
If the transmitting medium has a lower index of refraction than the incident medium then
the ray will bend away from the normal
Electric Force equation
F=kqq/(rsquared)
Electric Field equation
E=Kq/(rsquared)
Functions of the Liver
Produces bile and detoxifies the blood
Social Cognitive Theory
Suggests that people learn through observing others
Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion
Central route- more effective when people are willing and able to pay attention
Peripheral route - is more effective when people are not paying close attention to the content
Optimism Bias
describes the tendency for people to underestimate the probability that bad things will happen to them
Availability Heuristics
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
Representativeness Heuristics
A rule of thumb where similarity to a prototype or similar situation dictates a decision.
Bipolar Disorder
a mental disorder characterized by episodes of mania and depression
Ketogenesis occurs
in the cytoplasm of the liver
Parietal Cells are
in the stomach and secrete HCl into the stomach. They also produce intrinsic factor that helps with absorption of Vitamine B12
Endocrine
Secrete within
Paracrine
Referring to a secreted molecule that acts on a neighboring cell.
Autocrine
term for hormones that act on same cells that secrete them
Paramagnetic
any number of unpaired electrons
Diamagnetic
all electrons are paired
State Functions
Describe the system in an equilibrium state
Apoenzyme
enzyme without its cofactor
The liver is the site of
amino acid catabolism
Vapor pressure is related to boiling point
A high vapor pressure means that the solution is able to enter the gas phase easily, therefore the boiling point is low or a low heat of vaporization
Where are things reabsorbed in the nephron
Descending loop of henle - water
Ascending loop of henle - sodium and chloride
Collecting duct - water
Retroviruses which are a subclass of RNA viruses, are unique in that they contain what kind of polymerase?
RNA-dependent Dna Polymerase
Lytic Cycle
Infection of the host, genome transcription, mRNA translation, progeny assembly
Facultative anaerobe
does not require oxygen for growth
Social Faciliation
easy tasks are performed better in the presence of an audience
Symbolic Capital
intangible assests
frequency of a sound is associated with its percieved
pitch or tone
high frequency = high pitch
low frequency = low pitch
Seven of the standard amino acids
R- Arginine (12.48)
K- Lysine (10.5)
C- Cystein (8.37)
H- Histidine(6.04)
E- Glutamic Acid (3.9)
D- Aspartic Acid (4.07)
Y- Tyrosine (10.4)
How do you determine how many stereoisomers exist
2^n (n= number of chiral carbons)
What hormone causes ovulation
LH
Spreading activitation
false memories of words that are semantically or associatively related to studied words
According to Mead, the spontaneous and autonomous part of our unified self is the
I
Social constructionism
people actively shape their reality through social interactions
Decreased Vapor Pressure means
a higher boiling temperature
Kinetic Energy of a particle in capacitor
E=qV
Current is the same when connected in
series
Voltage is the same when connected in
parrallel
Coenzyme
Organic cofactor
Allosteric Enzymes bind to the
Regulatory site
Proto-oncogene
Normal gene that can become an oncogene through mutation
Oncogene
A gene having the potential to cause a normal cell to become cancerous.
In a galvanic cell the anode is _____ and the cathode is _____
Anode is negative and cathode is postiive
How do you determine if the cell is galvanic or electrolytic?
The delta G of galvanic cell is negative while the delta G of a electrolytic cell is postive
Can You Really Eat Deathly Hot Kimchi?
C,Y,R,E,D,H,K are amino acids that have a charged side chain
How does vapor pressure correlate to temperature
High Temp is High Vapor pressure
How does vapor pressure correlate to boiling point
Low BP High VP