1. fuel for molecules (stored as triacyglycerol)
2. target molecules (attach to proteins to target membrane location)
3. hormones/intracellular messengers
4. fatty acids are building blocks- phospholipids/glycolipis
what are the roles of fatty acid metabolism
fatty acids
long hydrocarbon chains of unsaturated and saturated degrees and C02- on one end
octadecadienoic acid
what is the name of a C18 with 2 double bonds?
there is a cis double bond between carbon 9 and 10
what does a cis(triangle)-9 mean?
cytosol and peroxisomes
where are the two places that fatty acid synthesis occur?
triacyglycerols
how are fatty acids stored?
-reduced
-nonpolar
-stored in anhydrous form
what are the three characteristics that make fatty acids have a high caloric yield?
condensation
reduction
dehydration
reduction
what are the 4 steps of fatty acid synthesis?
lipases
what is the enzyme that degrades triacylglycerol into fatty acid and monoacylglycerol
False
T/F: TAG are soluble in water
micelle
In the intestine, TAG are packaged as ___________ composed of bile salts due to their insolubility in water
ester bond
what structure is rendered on top of the micelle so lipase can digest it in soluble solution
chylomicrons
how are TAG transported in the mucosal cell?
TAG
apolipoprotein
fat-soluble vitamins
cholesterol
what are chylomicrons composed of?
lymph nodes and bloodstream
where are the 2 places that chylomicrons are transported to?
fatty acid and monoacylglycerols
on the lumen side triacylglycerol are digested into?
True
T/F: triacylglycerides are resynthesized in the mucosal cell and transpored as chylomicrons
-mobilization
-FA activation and transported into the mitochondria
-FA broken down into aetyl coA and then used in citric acid cycle.
what are the 3 steps of utilizing fatty acid as fuel required?
TAG is degraded into fatty acid and glycerol
what happens during the mobilization ?
glycerol gets shipped to the liver and converted to GAP and DHAP
what happens to glycerol from the mobilization step?
1. 7TM receptor
2. adenylate cyclase
3. ATP
4. PKA
5. perilipin A
6. restructures fat droplets so that the hormone lipase can be accessible to hormone sensitive lipase.
Fill in the blank: the entire mechanism of how TAG is degraded.
Glucagon/Epinephrine binds to ________receptor, then GTP binds to __________. _________ increases cyclic AMP then cyclic AMP activates ___________. PKA phosphorylates triacylglycerol lipase a
liver
what organ functions to maintain a nearly constant level of glucose in the blood?
Glucose 6 phosphatase
a hydrolytic enzyme that cleaves phosphoryl group to form free glucose and orthophosphate which allows glucose to leave the liver
glucose+ Pi
what are the products of this reaction?
glucose 6 phosphate + H20------->
glycogen phosphorylase
an enzyme that is composed as a dimer which cleaves glycogen, water is excluded from the active site and involves the PLP coenzyme
pyridoxal phosphate
the coenzyme that bound to glycogen phosphorylase?
allosteric regulation and reversible phosphorylation
what are the 2 ways that glycogen phosphorylase is regulated/
glycogen phosphorylase
what enzyme catalyzes this reaction
glycogen---->glucose 1P
False
T/F: During glycogen breakdown ATP is expended
transferase
alpha- 1,6 glucosidase
what two debranching enzymes catalyze the degradation of branch points?
phosphorolysis
the cleavage of a bond by the addition of orthophosphate.
glycogen and Pi
the reactant to this reaction
______________------------> glucose 1P + glycogen (n-1)
phosphoglucomutase
the enzyme that catalyzes the rearragement
glucose 1P---------->glucose 6P
Ca 2++
phosphorylation
what are the two ways phosphorylase kinase is regulated?
glycogen phosophorylase a
what form is glycogen phosporylase in its active form?
inactive
the T state of glycogen phosphorylase b?
-inactive or active
high levels of AMP
what is a factor that renders glycogen phosphorylase b in its relaxed phase?
ATP
glucose 6 phosphate
what two factors causes glycogen phosphorylase b to remain in its tense state?
phosphorylated
glycogen phosphorylase a is active when _______?
glycogen phosphorylase a
in what form is glycogen phosphorylase predominant in the liver to make more glucose.
True
T/F: glucose deactivates glycogen phosphorylase a
False
T/F: liver phosphorylase is sensitive to AMP
epinephrine
glucagon
what two hormones are needed as signals during glycogen breakdown?
protein kinase
what enzyme activates phosphorylase kinase?
phosphorylase kinase
what enzyme activates glycogen/liver phosphorylase a?
epinephrine
what hormone elicit glycogen degradation in the liver?
epinephrine (muscle) glucagon (liver)
adenylate cyclase
ATP
Phosphorylase kinase
phosphorylase a
__________________ binds the 7TM receptors then GDP is formed to GTP, _____________ is then activated because GTP binds onto it. ________ increases cylic AMP , cAMP activates PKA which in turn activates_________. Phosphorylase kinase then activates ______
phosphorylase kinase and glycogen phosphorylase
what two enzymes are deactivated during the shutting off of glycogen?
protein kinase
what enzyme adds an additional phosphate to phosphorylase kinase?
protein phosphatase 1
what is the enzyme that removes 2 phosphate group from phosphorylase kinase and deactivates it?
glycogen phosphorylase
Protein phosphatase 1 dephosphorylates what enzyme after deactivating phosphorylase kinase?
glycogen (n+1) + UDP
what is the product of this reaction?
glycogen (n) + UDP-glucose----->
UTP + glucose 1P
what is the reactant of this reaction?
__________________ ------> UDP-glucose+ PPi
UDP pyrophosphorylase
what enzyme catalyzes the formation of UDP-glucose
UDP-glucose
what is the name of an activated glucose?
glycogen synthase
what enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of glycogen
glycogenin
what is the primer that glycogen synthase uses to add polysaccharide chains already containing more than 4 residues?
branching enzyme
the enzyme that catalyzes branches forming alpha 1,6 linkages
inactive
when glycogen phosphorylase is dephosphorylated it is :
inactive or inactive
active
when glycogen synthase b is dephoshorylated it is:
inactive or active
inactive
when phosphorylase kinase is dephosphorylated ?
inactive or active
inactivate
what happens to glycogen synthase when protein kinase phosphorylates it
GM
less active
phosphorylated
epinephrine binds to Protein kinase A and protein kinase phosphorylates GM(glycogen binding site in muscle) and dissociates PP1 and __________. PP1 is (less/more active), then an inhibitor is (phosphorylated, dephosphorylated) and inhibitor deactivates PP
tyrosine
PKA
deactivates
Insulin regulation
insulin binds to ______receptors, signal transduction, ________ inactivates glycogen synthase kinase then phosphorylates glycogen synthase which is then (activated, deactivated). PP1 dephosphorylates it and glycogen reserves are synthes
Pompe disease
the disease that is caused by lack of alpha glucosidase. which causes a build up of glycogen in the blood
Gierke disease
loss glucose 6 phosphatase. which causes glucose to remain in the blood and glycogen increases and cannot enter cell and cannot enter blood.
They are emulsified in the small intestine by bile salts.
How are fats absorbed by the body during digestion?
A. They are hydrolyzed by amylase in the mouth.
B. They are emulsified in the small intestine by bile salts.
C. They are digested in the stomach by stomach acids.
D. They keep triacylglycerols in a soluble form.
Once fats are digested, they are transported by lipoproteins in the blood to the peripheral tissues. What is the role of lipoproteins?
A. They act as detergents.
B. They degrade triacylglycerols into fatty acids and glycerol.
C. They raise cAMP levels.
D.
C. Diffusion
How do triacylglycerols go through the cell membrane of adipocytes or muscle cells?
A. Active transport
B. Through the action of a permease
C. Diffusion
A. Acetyl CoA goes on to further oxidation in the citric acid
b oxidation of fatty acids occurs on activated fatty acids (fatty acyl CoA). After each set of reactions, the fatty acid chain is reduced by two carbons. These leave in the form of acetyl CoA. Why is this important?
A. Acetyl CoA goes on to further oxidat