All are characteristics of metabolism EXCEPT:
A. a process which synthesizes either energy or complex cellular substances.
B. a process of intermediates.
C. the conversion of food energy into energy of motion.
D. a free-flow unregulated process.
E. a proc
D
Most organisms show ____ in their major pathways of metabolism.
A. marked similarity
B. some similarity
C. minimal similarity
D. considerable diversity
E. major diversity
A
Which of the following statements is true regarding metabolic pathways?
A. catabolic pathways are generally reductive while anabolic pathways are generally oxidative
B. catabolic pathways use a wide variety of substrates to produce a small number of waste
B
Likely the most ancient of the metabolic pathways in which energy is released from glucose and captured in the form of ATP under anaerobic conditions is called:
A. photooxidation.
B. oxidative phosphorylation.
C. citric acid cycle.
D. glycolysis.
E. none
D
Chemoheterotrophs require:
A. organic carbon sources and light.
B. carbon dioxide and light.
C. organic carbon sources and oxidation-reduction reactions.
D. carbon dioxide and inorganic compounds.
E. carbon dioxide and oxidation-reduction reactions
C
All of the following are chemoheterotrophs EXCEPT:
A. Staphylococci aureus.
B. fungi.
C. algae.
D. animals.
E. non-photosynthetic roots.
C
What is the relationship between photoautotrophs and heterotrophic cells?
A. Photoautotrophs use light energy for synthesis of organic molecules while heterotrophs metabolize organic substances for fuel and building blocks.
B. photoautotrophs use organic
A
Which statement is most likely to be true concerning obligate anaerobes?
A. These organisms can use oxygen if it is present in their environment.
B. These organisms cannot use oxygen as their final electron acceptor.
C. These organisms carry out fermentat
B
Some species can adapt to anaerobic conditions by substituting other electron acceptors for oxygen in their energy-producing pathways and are called:
A. aerobes.
B. obligate aerobes.
C. facultative anaerobes.
D. obligate anaerobes.
E. none of the above.
C
Solar energy is converted to the chemical energy of organic molecules by ____, and ____ recover this energy by metabolizing the organic substrates.
A. photoautotrophs; heterotrophs
B. heterotrophs; chemoautotrophs
C. chemoautotrophs; heterotrophs
D. photo
A
All are characteristics of anabolism EXCEPT:
A. assembly of complex molecules.
B. formation of new covalent bonds.
C. ATP provides energy.
D. NADPH is an electron donor.
E. all are true
E
All are true about the relationship between catabolism and anabolism EXCEPT:
A. They occur simultaneously.
B. Products of one process provide substrates for the other.
C. They occur in many of the same organelles.
D. The generation of ATP by catabolism pr
C
Metabolon characteristics include all EXCEPT:
A. "units of metabolism".
B. discrete multienzyme complex.
C. soluble enzymes associated into stable multienzyme complexes.
D. membrane bound multienzyme systems.
E. all are characteristics
E
Which of the following is the major advantage of a multi-enzyme complex?
A. it's large size enables it to span an entire membrane
B. the product of one enzyme is passed directly to the next enzyme without the possibility of diffusion
C. multi-enzyme compl
B
What are the final products of aerobic catabolism?
A. pyruvate and H2O.
B. acetyl-CoA and CO2.
C. CO2 and H2O.
D. pyruvate and acetyl-CoA.
E. ammonia and O2.
C
Many of the catabolic pathways converge to the common two-carbon intermediate:
A. alanine.
B. acetyl group of acetyl-CoA.
C. lactic acid.
D. glucose.
E. carbon dioxide
B
The definition of an amphibolic pathway is:
A. a pathway found in animals living in both land and water.
B. a pathway that is carried out both in water and organic solvents.
C. a pathway found on both sides of the mitochondrial membrane.
D. a pathway that
D
____, a pathway that synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, uses seven of the same enzymes as glycolysis, but must replace three enzymes of glycolysis because they are ____.
A. Catabolism; to oxidative
B. Gluconeogenesis; irreversible
C. Ox
B
In the case of shared anabolic and catabolic pathways, the ____ serve as the points of regulation.
A. largest enzymes
B. ATP producing enzymes
C. NADH utilizing enzymes
D. rate-limiting enzymes
E. all are true
D
In phototrophs, ____ and ____ are the two energy-rich primary products from the transformation of light energy into chemical energy.
A. ATP; NAD+
B. NADPH; ATP
C. NADH; NADPH
D. ATP; NADH
E. ATP; NADH
B
Energy is generally extracted from phototrophs and chemotrophs by:
A. hydrolysis reactions.
B. condensation-cleavage reactions.
C. oxidative-reduction reactions.
D. acid-base reactions.
E. phosphorylation reactions
C
All are characteristic of aerobic catabolic pathways EXCEPT:
A. Carbohydrates are hydrolyzed to monosaccharides and then oxidized.
B. ADP is phosphorylated to ATP in such pathways.
C. Carbon fuels are oxidized to CO2.
D. Water is oxidized to O2.
E. Protei
D
All of the following are examples of energy transduction EXCEPT:
A. dehydrogenase catalyzed reactions
B. isomerase reactions
C. oxidative phosphorylation
D. NAD+- NADH shuttle
E. all of the above are correct
B
Dehydrogenases are enzymes that:
A. move hydrogens within the molecule.
B. add hydrogens across double bonds.
C. transfer hydrogens between substrates.
D. transfer hydride ions to NAD+ (or NADP+) and release a proton.
E. all are true
D
From the following types of organic molecules, the order of most reduced to most oxidized is:
A. aldehyde
B. hydrocarbon
C. CO2
D. alcohol
E. carboxylic acid
A. A, B, C, D, E
B. B, E, A, D, C
C. C, B, E, A, D
D. B, D, A, E, C
E. C, D, E, B, A
D
A possible function of NADPH is to:
A. provide reducing equivalents to synthesize glucose from CO2.
B. carry electrons from anabolic reactions.
C. provide a source of hydrogens for oxidative biosynthesis.
D. be reduced by hydride ions to form NAD+.
E. pro
A
In photosynthesis, NADPH is generated as light is used to oxidize ____ to ____.
A. water; O2
B. water; CO2
C. NADPH; O2
D. water; NADP+
E. CO2; NADPH
A
One advantage of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for the investigation of metabolism is that it utilizes:
A. radioisotopes.
B. specific metabolic inhibitors.
C. autoradiography.
D. non-invasive techniques.
E. none are true.
D
In prokaryotic cells, phospholipid synthesis and oxidative phosphorylation are carried out in:
A. plasma membranes.
B. cytosol.
C. mitochondria.
D. ribosomes.
E. endoplasmic reticulum
A
The enzymes of glycolysis and those of the citric acid cycle are found in which cellular compartments in muscle cells?
A. both in the cytoplasm
B. glycolysis in cytoplasm and citric acid cycle in mitochondria
C. both in mitochondria
D. glycolysis in cytop
B
Which of the following statements regarding nutrition is FALSE?
A. Dietary protein is a source of essential amino acids
B. Organisms can produce all of the essential energy yielding nutrients and micronutrients needed
C. Complex carbohydrates can provide
B
When an individual has a ____ nitrogen balance, excess dietary protein is converted into ____.
A. negative; energy
B. positive; energy
C. negative; nucleic acids
D. positive; protein for storage
E. both b and d are true
E
When dietary carbohydrate consumption exceeds the energy needs of the individual, excess carbohydrate is converted to ____ and ____ for energy storage.
A. amino acids; glucose
B. fructose; triacylglycerols
C. triacylglycerols; glycogen
D. glycogen; protei
C
When carbohydrate intake is low, ____ are formed from acetate units to provide metabolic fuel for the ____ and other tissue.
A. fatty acids; liver
B. ketone bodies; brain
C. ketone bodies; liver
D. amino acids; brain
E. sterols; heart
B
Excess dietary fat levels are correlated with increased risk of:
A. atherosclerosis
B. heart disease
C. colon cancer
D. breast cancer
E. all of the above
E
Dietary fiber includes all EXCEPT:
A. pectins
B. cellulose
C. lignins
D. gums
E. all are dietary fiber
E
The nutritional benefits provided by foods high in fiber result from:
A. providing increased digestion speed.
B. stimulation of regular functions of the colon and slowing the rate of absorption of certain foods.
C. providing for growth of microorganisms t
B
All of the following are a coenzyme or a precursor of a coenzyme EXCEPT:
A. thiamin.
B. riboflavin.
C. retinol.
D. niacin.
E. biotin.
C
All are characteristics of coenzymes EXCEPT:
A. carry functional groups.
B. maintenance of original structure.
C. provide a broader range of catalytic properties.
D. can be derived from water-soluble vitamins.
E. can serve as an electron carrier
B
Which of the following is a result of a high fat, high protein, low carbohydrate diet?
A. the bloodstream has a healthy level of ketone bodies
B. glycogen stores are close to maximum capacity
C. the brain operates most efficiently on this type of diet
D.
D
The dehydrogenase enzymes facilitate the direct transfer of hydride anion. Which of the following coenzymes is required for this transfer?
A. biotin
B. folic acid
C. lipoic acid
D. TPP
E. NAD+
E
All are coenzymes with an adenine nucleotide portion EXCEPT:
A. ATP.
B. NADH.
C. Coenzyme A.
D. FADH2.
E. FMNH2.
E
What is a characteristic difference between FAD and NAD+?
A. NAD+ is a stronger oxidizing agent than FAD.
B. Only FAD participates in oxidation-reduction reactions.
C. NAD+ binds tightly to its enzyme while FAD only binds loosely.
D. NAD+ transfers two el
D
Pantothenic acid is the vitamin portion of ____. It forms ____ linkages with acyl groups.
A. ATP; phosphoester
B. ATP; thioester
C. Coenzyme A; phosphoester
D. Coenzyme A; thioester
E. TPP; phosphoester
D
Pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) is involved in all EXCEPT:
A. aminotransferases (transaminases).
B. a- and b-decarboxylations.
C. b- and g-eliminations.
D. racemizations.
E. all of the above.
E
Thioesters have higher ____ than that of oxygen esters.
A. mobility
B. electronegativity
C. resonance
D. positive DG
E. group transfer potential
E
What causes pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) to be so versatile?
A. It reacts very quickly with simple sugars.
B. Its ability to be a one or two electron carrier.
C. The formation of a thioester bond.
D. Its ability to transfer methyl groups.
E. Its ability to
E
All of the coenzymes listed participate in electron transfer EXCEPT:
A. FAD.
B. biotin.
C. NAD+.
D. vitamin C.
E. lipoic acid.
B
The mobile carboxyl group carrier in a variety of enzymic carboxylation is ____ which binds to the enzyme at an e-amino group of the amino acid ____.
A. TPP; asparagine
B. lipoate; cysteine
C. biotin; cysteine
D. biotin; lysine
E. TPP; lysine
D
____ functions to couple acyl-group transfer and electron transfer during oxidation and decarboxylations of ____.
A. biotin; propionate
B. lipoate; propionate
C. lipoate; a-keto acids
D. TPP; a-keto acids
E. TPP; acetyl-CoA
C
Most biotin-dependent carboxylations use ____ as the carboxylating agent and transfer the carboxyl group to a substrate ____.
A. bicarbonate; hydroxyl group
B. hydroxyl groups; carbanion
C. carboxyl group; carbonium ion
D. bicarbonate; carbanion
E. carbox
D
Pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ � ____ + CO2 + ____
A. oxaloacetate; ATP
B. malonyl CoA; NADH + H+
C. methylmalonyl CoA; biotin
D. acetyl CoA; NADH + H+
E. succinyl CoA; NAD+
D
Which vitamin is essential to vision?
A. A
B. C
C. D2
D. B12
E. B1
A
Retinol and the carotenoids follow the pathways of ____ digestion and absorption.
A. complex carbohydrates
B. proteins
C. simple sugars
D. nucleic acids
E. lipids
E
Cholecalciferol is hydroxylated twice to form ____ that acts like a ____ to regulate ____ and ____ metabolism.
A. 24,25-hydroxyvitamin D; vitamin D-binding protein; calcium; chloride
B. ergosterol; vitamin D-binding protein; sodium; calcium
C. 7-dehydroch
E
What are the principal minerals in the human body?
A. iron and chloride
B. sodium and potassium
C. calcium and sodium
D. calcium and phosphorus
E. sulfur and phosphorus
D
Unsaturated fatty acids in membranes are particularly susceptible to ____ and vitamin E may provide protection because it is a potent ____.
A. oxidation; antioxidant
B. reduction; reducing agent
C. reduction; reducing agent
D. substitution; reactant
E. su
A
What vitamin is needed for coagulation of blood and what must happen for it to be functional?
A. vitamin D, a co-translational modification of serine.
B. vitamin K, a posttranslational carboxylation of glutamate.
C. vitamin K, a co-translational carboxyla
B
The statements are correct about the diseases caused by vitamin deficiencies EXCEPT:
A. niacin deficiency leads to gout.
B. vitamin A deficiency leads to night blindness that can be reversed by adding b-carotene to the diet.
C. vitamin B12 prevents pernic
A