Carbohydrates
Have a formula of (CH2O)x, where x = a number from 3-7
Triose
Three carbon monosaccharide
Tetrose
Four carbon monosaccharide
Pentose
Five carbon monosaccharide
Hexose
Six carbon monosaccharide
Heptose
Seven carbon monosaccharide
Carbohydrate suffix
-ose
Common monosaccharides in human biology
Glyceraldehyde, ribose, glucose, fructose, galactose
Hexose monosaccharides
Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose
Pentose monosaccharide
Ribose
Triose monosaccharide
Glyceraldehyde
Which carbons of monosaccharides are especially reactive?
First and sixth carbons
What part of monosaccharides are hydrophilic and reactive?
The hydroxyl groups
Common diasaccharides in human biology
Lactose, trehelose, maltose, and sucrose
Lactose
Formed from galactose and glucose
Where do glucose and galactose form a glycosidic bond to form lactose?
Carbons 1 & 4
Trehelose
Formed from two glucoses
Where do two glucose molecules bond to form trehelose?
Carbons 1 & 1
Maltose
Formed from two glucoses
WHere do two glucose molecules bond to form maltose?
Carbons 1 & 4
Sucrose
Formed from glucose and fructose
Where do glucose and fructose bond to form sucrose?
Carbons 1 & 2
Glycogen
formed from glucose molecules bound together linearly
What is glycogen used for?
Carbohydrate storage
Where are the glucose molecules in glycogen bonded linearly?
Carbons 1 &4
Glycogen branches approximately every how many glucose molecules?
10
Where are the bonds that form the branches in glycogen?
Carbons 1 & 6
How many molecules of glucose long is glycogen typically?
Thousands
Glycoproteins
Formed from a bond between a carbohydrate and a serine, threonine, or asparagine
Where does a carbohydrate bond to a serine or threonine to form a glycoprotein?
Between the carbohydrate hydroxyl group and the amino acid hydroxyl group
Where does a carbohydrate bond to a asparagine to form a glycoprotein?
Between the carbohydrate hydroxyl group and the amine nitrogen of the amino acid
How many proteins in the body are glycoproteins?
Approximately half
Examples of functional roles glycoproteins play in the human body
Binding, signaling, and regulation
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Contain repeating disaccaharide chains of modified glucose and/or galactose
What are the modifications of the glucose and galactose in a GAG?
Amine group added with an acetyl (NHCOCH3) or a negatively charged sulfate (NHSO3-)
In a GAG, the negatively charged sulfate is linked to what?
The hydroxyl or carboxyl of at least one disaccharide in the repeating chain
Common GAGs
Heparin, chondroitin, and hyaluronic acid
Which GAG is the longest?
Hyaluronic acid
What function is heparin involved in?
Clot regulation
What structures is chondroitin involved with?
Connective tissue and cartilage
Proteoglycans
Formed by a bond between a GAG and a protein
What are proteoglycans important for?
Strong structural elements in connective tissue, collagen