A patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus takes an insulin
injection before eating dinner but then gets distracted
and does not eat. Approximately 3 hours later, the patient
becomes shaky, sweaty, and confused. These symptoms
have occurred because of which
Low blood glucose levels
Caffeine is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme cAMP phosphodiesterase.
Which of the following consequences
would you expect to occur in the liver after drinking two
cups of strong espresso coffee?
A prolonged response to glucagon
Assume that an increase in blood glucose concentration
from 5 to 10 mM would result in insulin release by
the pancreas. A mutation in pancreatic glucokinase can lead to maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY)
because of which of the following within t
A reduced ability to raise ATP levels
Which one of the following organs has the highest demand
for glucose as a fuel?
Brain
Glucagon release does not alter muscle metabolism
because of which of the following?
Muscle cells lack the glucagon receptor
The facilitative transporter that is most responsible for
transporting fructose from the blood into cells is which of
the following?
Glut5
An alcoholic patient developed pancreatitis that affected his
exocrine pancreatic function. He exhibited discomfort after
eating a high-carbohydrate meal. The patient most likely
had a reduced ability to digest which of the following?
Starch
A type 1 diabetic neglects to take his insulin injections
while on a weekend vacation. Cells of which tissue will
be most greatly affected by this mistake?
Muscle
After digestion of a piece of cake that contains flour,
milk, and sucrose as its primary ingredients, the major
carbohydrate products that enter the blood are which of
the following?
Glucose, galactose, and fructose
A patient has a genetic defect that causes intestinal epithelial
cells to produce disaccharidases of much lower
activity than normal. Compared with a normal person,
after eating a bowl of milk and oatmeal sweetened with
table sugar, this patient will exhi
Maltose, sucrose, and lactose in the stool
The degradation of glycogen normally produces which of
the following?
More glucose 1-phosphate than glucose
A patient has large deposits of liver glycogen, which
after an overnight fast, had shorter-than-normal branches.
This abnormality could be caused by a defective
form of which one of the following proteins or
activities?
Amylo-1,6-glucosidase
An adolescent patient with a deficiency of muscle phosphorylase
was examined while exercising his or her forearm
by squeezing a rubber ball. Compared with a normal
person performing the same exercise, this patient would
exhibit which of the following?
Have decreased lactate levels in blood drawn from
his or her forearm.
In a glucose tolerance test, an individual in the basal
metabolic state ingests a large amount of glucose. If the
individual is normal, this ingestion should result in which
of the following?
An enhanced glycogen synthase activity in the liver
Consider a person with type 1 diabetes who has neglected
to take insulin for the past 72 hours and has not eaten
much as well. Which of the following best describes the
activity level of hepatic enzymes involved in glycogen
metabolism under these conditio
F. last option in chart: Inactive glycogen synthase, Active phosphorylase kinase, Active glycogen phosphorylase
Hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) is a rare recessive
genetic disease that is most commonly caused by a mutation
in exon 5 of the aldolase B gene. The mutation fortuitously
creates a new ahaII recognition sequence. To test for the
mutation, DNA was ex
Jack has the disease, Jill does not. (Thicker and darker bands on the agarose gel for jack and not jill)
On examining the gel himself, the husband became concerned
that he might not be the biologic father of one or
both of the children. From the pattern on the gel, you can
reasonably conclude which of the following?
He could be the father of both children. (Because there are bands for both the children along with him)
An alcoholic is brought to the emergency room in a
hypoglycemic coma. Because alcoholics are frequently
malnourished, which of the following enzymes can be
used to test for a thiamine deficiency?
Transketolase
Intravenous fructose feeding can lead to lactic acidosis
caused by which of the following?
Bypassing the regulated phosphofructokinase-1
(PFK-1) step
The polyol pathway of sorbitol production and the hexose
monophosphate (HMP) shunt pathway are linked by
which of the following?
The HMP shunt produces NADPH, which is required
for the polyol pathway.
Which of the following best describes a mother with galactosemia
caused by a deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate
uridylyltransferase?
She can form galactose 1-phosphate from galactose.
The immediate carbohydrate precursors for glycolipid and
glycoprotein synthesis are which of the following?
Nucleotide sugars
A newborn is diagnosed with neonatal jaundice. In this
patient, the bilirubin produced lacks which of the following
carbohydrates?
Glucuronate
The nitrogen donor for the formation of amino sugars is
which of the following?
Glutamine
Which of the following glycolipids would accumulate in a
patient with Sandhoff disease?
Globoside
A common intermediate in the conversion of glycerol and
lactate to glucose is which of the following?
Glucose 6-phosphate
A patient presented with a bacterial infection that produced
an endotoxin that inhibits phosphoenolpyruvate
carboxykinase (PEPCK). In this patient, then, under
these conditions, glucose production from which of the
following precursors would be inhibited?
Alanine
Which of the following statements best describes glucagon?
It acts primarily on the liver and adipose tissue.
Which of the following is most likely to occur in a normal
individual after ingesting a high-carbohydrate meal?
Only insulin levels increase.
A patient arrives at the hospital in an ambulance.
He or she is currently in a coma. Before lapsing into
the coma, his or her symptoms included vomiting,
dehydration, low blood pressure, and a rapid heartbeat.
He or she also had relatively rapid respirati
Diabetic ketoacidosis
The most abundant component of chylomicrons is which
of the following?
Triglyceride
The conversion of nascent chylomicrons to mature chylomicrons
requires which of the following?
High-density lipoprotein
The apoproteins B-48 and B-100 are similar with respect
to which of the following?
They are synthesized from the same gene.
Bile salts must reach a particular concentration within
the intestinal lumen before they are effective agents
for lipid digestion. This is because of which of the
following?
The bile salt solubility in the lumen is a critical
f actor.
Type III hyperlipidemia is caused by a deficiency of
apoprotein E. Analysis of the serum of patients with this
disorder would exhibit which of the following?
Elevated triglyceride levels
Which of the following is involved in the synthesis of
triacylglycerols in adipose tissue?
Fatty acids obtained from chylomicrons and
VLDL
A molecule of palmitic acid, attached to carbon 1 of
the glycerol moiety of a triacylglycerol, is ingested and
digested. The fatty acid is stored in a fat cell and ultimately
is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water in a muscle
cell. Choose the molecular c
Bile salt micelle
A patient with hyperlipoproteinemia would be most
likely to benefit from a low-carbohydrate diet if the
lipoproteins that are elevated in blood are which of the
following?
VLDL
Which of the following is a characteristic of sphingosine?
It is synthesized from palmitoyl-CoA and serine.
Newly synthesized fatty acids are not immediately
degraded because of which of the following?
Transport of fatty acids into mitochondria is inhibited
under conditions in which fatty acids are being
synthesized.
Which of the following steps in the biosynthesis of cholesterol
is the committed rate-limiting step?
The reduction of HMG-CoA to mevalonate
Considering the final steps in cholesterol biosynthesis,
when squalene is eventually converted to lanosterol,
which of the following statements is correct?
Squalene monooxygenase is considered a mixedfunction
oxidase because it catalyzes a reaction in
which only one of the oxygen atoms of O2 is incorporated
into the organic substrate.
Of the major risk factors for the development of atherosclerotic
cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), such as
sedentary lifestyle, obesity, cigarette smoking, diabetes
mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, which one, if
present, is the only risk factor i
Diabetes mellitus
Which one of the following apoproteins acts as a cofactor
activator of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase (LPL)?
ApoCII
Which one of the following sequences places the lipoproteins
in the order of most dense to least dense?
HDL/LDL/VLDL/chylomicrons
In humans, prostaglandins are derived primarily from
which of the following?
Arachidonic acid
Aspirin will inhibit which of the following reaction pathways?
Arachidonic acid ? thromboxanes
Which of the following drugs lead to the covalent modification
and inactivation of both the COX-1 and COX-2
enzymes?
Aspirin
Thromboxane A2, which is found in high levels in platelets,
aids in wound repair through induction of which of the
following activities?
Vasoconstriction
Certain prostaglandins, when binding to their receptor,
induce an increase in intracellular calcium levels. The
signal that leads to the elevation of intracellular calcium is
initiated by which of the following enzymes?
Phospholipase C
A 20-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus was admitted
to the hospital in a semiconscious state with fever, nausea,
and vomiting. Her breath smelled of acetone. A urine
sample was strongly positive for ketone bodies. Which one
of the following statements
An injection of insulin will decrease her ketone
body production.
A woman was told by her physician to go on a low-fat diet.
She decided to continue to consume the same number of calories
by increasing her carbohydrate intake while decreasing
her fat intake. Which of the following blood lipoprotein
levels would be decre
Chylomicrons
Assume that an individual has been eating excess calories
daily such that he will gain weight. Under which of the following
conditions will the person gain weight most rapidly?
If all the excess calories are due to triacylgycerol.
A chronic alcoholic has been admitted to the hospital
because of a severe hypoglycemic episode brought
about by excessive alcohol consumption for the past
5 days. A blood lipid analysis indicates much higher
than expected VLDL levels. The elevated VLDL is
Elevated NADH levels in the liver
Certain patients with abetalipoproteinemia frequently
have difficulty maintaining blood volume; their blood has
trouble clotting. This symptom is attributable to which of
the following?
Inability to produce chylomicrons