What is a monosaccharide?
The most basic units of carbohydrates. Made of 1 aldehyde and 1 ketone. They are the simplest form of sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids. Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste. Examples of monosaccharides include glucose
Nature uses the D or L form of carbohydrates
D
The two kinds of monosaccharides are
Aldoses, Ketoses
The bonds between carbohydrate monomers are called
Glycosidic
Starches are polymers made exclusively from
Glucose
The difference between amylose and amylopectin are
The structure (branched vs linear)
Dietary fiber is
Complex Carbohydrates
Cellulose
Divided into soluble and insoluble
In the 2-compartment model for water in the body, water partitions into
Intracellular and extracellular
In the 3 compartment model for water in the body, the__________ compartment is further divided into interstitial and plasma compartments
extracellular
Fluid in the blood is classified specifically as _________ fluid
extracellular
In an ideally balanced human system water inputs would equal
Water outputs
An electrolyte is
a) sugar
b. fat
c. charged molecule
d water
charged molecule
______________ ions account for nearly 90% of the positively charged ions found in extracellular fluid
Sodium
The hormone aldosterone regulates the concentrations of _______ and ________ in the body.
Potassium ions and sodium ions
_______ is the most common extracelluar cation, while _________ is the most abundant intracellular cation.
Sodium, potassium
The three most important buffer systems in body fluids include the bicarbonate buffer system, the ____ buffer system and the protein buffer system.
Phosphate
How is it possible for the rate and depth of breathing to affect hydrogen ion concentrations in body fluids?
The rate and depth of breathing does not alter hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids.
What is the normal pH of the blood?
7.35-7.45
What is the most significant plasma buffer?
bicarbonate
Which of these is not a consequence of vomiting?
a. dehydration
b. metabolic acidosis
c. respiratory alkalosis
d. metabolic alkalosis
c. respiratory alkalosis
What is the most common intracellular buffer?
phosphate
Which of the following is the product of trans-deaminiatio reactions
a. urea
b. NH3
c. NH4
d. Carbonic acid
c. NH4
Which of the following terms is the total of all the breakdown processes in the body?
catabolism
Amino acids that must be consumed in the diet are called
essential amino acids
The amino acid pool is
all the amino acids within the tissue and body fluids
Select the best definition of an enzyme
a. an enzyme is an amino acid that speeds up chemical reactions.
b. an enzyme is a protein that is consumed in the diet and aids in chemical reactions.
c. enzymes are proteins that speed up metabolic reactions and a
d. enzymes are proteins that speed up metabolic reactions and are not destroyed in the process.
The bond that links to amino acids together is called
a peptide bond
There are a total of __ amino acids and _______ are considered essential
20;9
The side chain on an amino acid may include which element?
Sulfur
A small chain of amino acids is called a
peptide
Each amino acid contains
an amine group and a carboxyl group
Proteins are necessary for which of the following?
a. Muscle structure
b. Immune system function
c. Neurotransmitter production
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Which of these food groups is not considered a good source of protein?
a. meat
b. beans.
c. milk
d. fruit
d. fruit
What determines the three-dimensional shape of a protein molecule?
The order and chemical properties of the amino acids
The necessary coenzyme for the transamination reaction is
Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP)
Which of the following statements about protein synthesis is false?
a. limiting amino acids can halt protein synthesis
b. nonessential amino acids can be made through transamination
c. amino acids needed for protein synthesis come from the amino acid pool
d. Essential amino acids can be made through transamination
In transamination an amine group is transferred to ________ to form a nonessential amino acid.
a. Alpha keto acid
The NH3 produced in muscle degradation of amino acids and other nitrogenated compounds is transported through blood to the liver using ______ as a carrier
alanine
The 3 carbon alpha ketoacid formed from the oxidative deamination of alanine is
Pyruvate
In oxidative deamination, an amine group is removed from an amino acid (usually glutamic acid) leaving ammonia and keto acid. In this process _________ is formed which can enter the electron transport chain.
NADH
Which of the following processes is involved in using proteins as a source of energy?
Keogenesis
What biomolecule is formed at very high levels in the blood of PKU patients?
phenylalanine
T/F Protein complementation combines foods containing proteins with different limiting amino acids in order to improve the protein quality of the diet.
True
T/F Proteins help keep fluids an pH balanced in the body
True
T/F Methionine is the only amino acid that contains sulfur.
False- cysteine also does
T/f Alanine exists as a zwitterion at a pH7
True
T/F Amino acid catabolism is increased during starvation
True
T/F The Urea cycle is regulated by an enzyme called CPS-1
True
T/F All amino acids are essential amino acids
False
T/F The major excretory product of amino acid catabolism is ammonia
False
T/F Protein synthesis is decreased during periods of growth.
False- increased during periods of growth
Ammonia is detoxified to urea via the urea cycle in the liver
True
Explain the major role of glutamate and alpha ketoglutarate in amino acid biosynthesis and degradation
They lose or gain an amine group to generate energy and create NH4 or NADH
An abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid is called
edema
What do we call the amino acids that human beings can synthesize?
nonessential
How do humans obtain the amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body?
we eat them
Name two classes of protein in the body
structural enzymes
How many common amino acids are there?
20
Which amino acid is not chiral?
Glycine
Name the two classification of secondary structures found in proteins
alpha helix
beta sheet
The most common monomer of carbohydrate is
Glucose
Monosaccharides are
Aldoses and ketoses
A disaccharide is _____ monosaccharides joined together covalently by a
2; Glycosidic bond
Sucrose is a disaccharide made up of
Glucose and fructose
Glucose, lactose and galactose are all _____ each other, in that they all have the molecular formula C6H12O6
isomers of
Glucose is used for
a. Structure
b. Energy storage
c. Quick energy
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Which carbohydrate is not digestible and provides fiber or "roughage" in humans?
cellulose
Which carbohydrate does not come from plant sources
Lactose
Complex carbohydrates
a. include glycogen, cellulose, and starch
b. consist of many glucose molecules bound together in long chains.
c. can be energy storage molecules
d. are polysaccharides.
e.all of these
e. all of these
The brain relies almost entirely on _______ for energy production
glucose
For long-term storage, glucose is converted to _________ while for short-term storage glucose is converted to
Fat, glycogen
Skeletal muscle cells derive most of their energy from
Glycogen
Which carbohydrate is formed from 2 glucose molecules?
Maltose
Before the payoff phase of glycolysis can begin, the cell needs to invest _____ ATP
2
The energy currency of the cell is
ATP
Given these phases of aerobic respiration list the phases in order
1. Acetyl-coenzyme A formation
2. citric acid cycle
3. Electron-transport chain
4. Glycolysis
4 Glycolysis
1 acetyl-coenzyme A formation
3 Citric Acid cycle
2 Electron transport chain
During glycolysis, fructose and galactose enter the liver and are phosphorylated at carbon number
1
Anaerobic respiration produces _____________ ATPs and _____________ as a waste product
2, lactic acid
Aerobic respiration _____________ ATPs and _____ require oxygen
38 does
Which major metabolic product is produced under anaerobic conditions by muscle cells during intense exercise
Lactate
The electron-carrier molecules that are used in electron-transport chain to generate additional ATP are
NADH and FADH2
NADH is produced
from the reduction of NAD
Besides ATP the end products of aerobic respiration are
carbon dioxide water
At the end of aerobic respiration all six carbon atoms from the glucose molecule are
found in carbon dioxide molecules
Excess glucose in the body following a meal can be stored in the liver as this is for use in the near future:
Glycogen
These events occur during the reactions of the citric acid cycle except:
a. ATP production
b. NADH and FADH2 production
c. Carbon dioxide formation
d. Water molecule formation
d water molecule formation
This energy-requiring process forms larger molecules by joining together smaller molecules
Anabolism
During vigorous exercise, pyruvate produced by glycolysis is converted to
lactate
The process by which amino acids and glycerol can be converted to glucose is called
Gluconeogenesis
The energy released by oxidation of glucose is stored as
ADP
How many total ATP are made from the complete oxidation of 1 glucose molecule to CO2 and H2O
38
The 6-carbon molecule that is formed by the addition of acytyl CoA to ocaloacetate is
Citrate
Amino acid carbon skeletons can be used to synthesize ________ or ________
Ketones or Glucose
The main site for gluconeogenesis is
The liver
Gluconeogenesis is the
Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors
The carbohydrate storage polysaccharide made by animals is
Glycogen
What are the storage polymers
Starch, cellulose, glycogen
A person who is lactose intolerant is deficient in which enzyme's activity?
Lactase
what do amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, and cellulose all have in common?
starches
What condition is required in the cell for pyruvate to be converted to acetyl CoA
aerobic
How many CO2 molecules are released during one round of the Citric Acid Cycle?
2
Which metabolic step is irreversible? What consequence does that have for gluconeogenesis?
Conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA - less efficient
Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
Where in the cell does the TCA cycle occur?
matrix of the mitochondria
What are Eicosanoids
signaling molecules made by oxidation of 20-carbon fatty acids. They exert complex control over many bodily systems, mainly in inflammation or immunity, and as messengers in the central nervous system. They are derived from either Omega 6 or 3 Fatty acids
What is a buffer?
A buffer is an aqueous solution that has a highly stable pH. If you add acid or base to a buffered solution, its pH will not change significantly. Similarly, adding water to a buffer or allowing water to evaporate will not change the pH of a buffer.
What are the phases of detoxification? What enzymes are used?
PhaseI:Functionalization
� Hepatic enzymes are responsible for the metabolism of xenobiotics by first activating them
� Oxidation � Reduction � Hydrolysis � Hydration
� PhaseII:Conjugation � active secondary metabolite with
� Glucuronic acid � Sulphuric a
What is the primary organ site for detoxification?
Liver
Central principle/dogma of molecular biology:
genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein
Amino acids can't do anything without template from DNA
DNA replicates its information (via many enzymes): REPLICATION
DNA codes for mRNA during transcription : TRANSCRIPTION
mRNA processed into protein
RNA can turn back into
DNA via Reverse Transcription
Difference between RNA and DNA
The hydroxy group on 2 prime carbon indicates RNA.