Regulation relies on precise protein-____ and protein-______ contacts
DNA, protein
Housekeeping gene: _______ expressing in all cells
constantly
Regulated gene: expressed when _____
needed
Regulated genes - inducible : ______ their expression (on)
increase
Regulated genes - repressible: _______ their expression (off)
decrease
RNA polymerase binding to promoters is a major ____ of regulation
target
RNA polymerases binds to ______ sequence near starting point of transcription initiation
promoter
The _____ it is for the RNA polymerase to recognize the promoter the easier it will initiate
easier
Regulatory proteins (transcription factors) work to ______ or _____ this interaction between RNA pol and the promoter DNA
enhance, inhibit
Transcription Factors: _______ agents [enhance or inhibit]
interfering
RNA polymerase _____to recognize promoter if it doesn't occur you won't have transcription process
Needs
Transcription: ____ or none
all
-10 to -35
promoter region
any _____ can cause RNA pol to not recognize promoter
mutation
_____ _____: interacts with alpha subunit of RNA polymerase (enhance or inhibit)
upstream element
Activators and repressors can be collectively called
transcription factors
_____ and ______ of DNA allows transcription factor to know where to bid
shape, sequence
All occurs in ____ ____
major groove
_____ and enhancers have to have certain DNA sequence that can be recognized
operator
Eukaryotes have several challenges prokaryotes do not: more _____ calls for more regulation
complex
Eukaryotes contain several distinct RNA polymerases: ____ in nucleus and ___ in mitochondria
3, 1
RNA polymerase I: synthesizes ___- ribosomal RNA
pre
RNA polymerase II: synthesis of _____
mRNA
RNA polymerase III: makes _____
tRNAs
RNA polymerase IV (plants): synthesizes of small ______ RNAs
interfering
Heterochromatin: ____ packed = inhibits transcription (off)
densely
Euchromatin: ___ packed (relaxed) = transcriptionally active
less
Chromatin _____: getting it ready for transcription (unpacking)
remodeling
Chromatin remodeling includes:
nucleosomes repositioned
histone variants
covalent modifications to nucleosomes
Eukaryotic gene regulation relies on _____ control
combinatorial
more _____ than transcription factors: in order to regulate different genes you are going to combine different transcription factors
genes
Helix-Turn-Helix Motif
Zinc Fingers
Leucine Zipper: different binding _____ in transcription factors that allows them to bind to DNA
domains
_____ of eukaryotic gene regulation: 1. combinatorial control
2. chromatin remodeling
3. actions at a distance
4. Layers of regulation at the promoter
features
Regulation relies on precise protein-____ and protein-______ contacts
DNA, protein
Housekeeping gene: _______ expressing in all cells
constantly
Regulated gene: expressed when _____
needed
Regulated genes - inducible : ______ their expression (on)
increase
Regulated genes - repressible: _______ their expression (off)
decrease
RNA polymerase binding to promoters is a major ____ of regulation
target
RNA polymerases binds to ______ sequence near starting point of transcription initiation
promoter
The _____ it is for the RNA polymerase to recognize the promoter the easier it will initiate
easier
Regulatory proteins (transcription factors) work to ______ or _____ this interaction between RNA pol and the promoter DNA
enhance, inhibit
Transcription Factors: _______ agents [enhance or inhibit]
interfering
RNA polymerase _____to recognize promoter if it doesn't occur you won't have transcription process
Needs
Transcription: ____ or none
all
-10 to -35
promoter region
any _____ can cause RNA pol to not recognize promoter
mutation
_____ _____: interacts with alpha subunit of RNA polymerase (enhance or inhibit)
upstream element
Activators and repressors can be collectively called
transcription factors
_____ and ______ of DNA allows transcription factor to know where to bid
shape, sequence
All occurs in ____ ____
major groove
_____ and enhancers have to have certain DNA sequence that can be recognized
operator
Eukaryotes have several challenges prokaryotes do not: more _____ calls for more regulation
complex
Eukaryotes contain several distinct RNA polymerases: ____ in nucleus and ___ in mitochondria
3, 1
RNA polymerase I: synthesizes ___- ribosomal RNA
pre
RNA polymerase II: synthesis of _____
mRNA
RNA polymerase III: makes _____
tRNAs
RNA polymerase IV (plants): synthesizes of small ______ RNAs
interfering
Heterochromatin: ____ packed = inhibits transcription (off)
densely
Euchromatin: ___ packed (relaxed) = transcriptionally active
less
Chromatin _____: getting it ready for transcription (unpacking)
remodeling
Chromatin remodeling includes:
nucleosomes repositioned
histone variants
covalent modifications to nucleosomes
Eukaryotic gene regulation relies on _____ control
combinatorial
more _____ than transcription factors: in order to regulate different genes you are going to combine different transcription factors
genes
Helix-Turn-Helix Motif
Zinc Fingers
Leucine Zipper: different binding _____ in transcription factors that allows them to bind to DNA
domains
_____ of eukaryotic gene regulation: 1. combinatorial control
2. chromatin remodeling
3. actions at a distance
4. Layers of regulation at the promoter
features