vitamin that plays a role in formation of prothrombin
K
enzyme used to decarboxylate Pyruvate to AcetylCoA
pyruvate dehydrogenase
In PPP, what phase generates 6-Phosphogluconate
Oxidative phase
Which isoform of creatine kinase is found in brain?
CPK-1
Oxidizes a substrate under anaerobic conditions
dehydrogenases
How many pyruvates are formed in a glycolysis reaction?
two
Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate forms...
acetylCoA
Xanthine oxidase is used for...
oxidation of purine
In PPP, what co-enzyme is used by transketolase?
Vitamin B1
Vitamin responsible for synthesis of blood clotting proteins
Vitamin K
Phosphagens act as a storage of high energy phosphate as...
creatine and arginine phosphate
Isoenzyme of LDH (LDH-4) found in liver will conduct conversion of...
lactate to pyruvate
erythrocyte hemolysis is impairment of what pathway?
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Calcinosis is caused by excess intake of what vitamin?
D
Oligomycin is an inhibitor of what conversion?
as an inhibitor of ADP to ATP conversion
Type of reactions in PPP
two irreversible oxidative reactions followed by reversible non oxidative phase
Pyruvate kinase phosphate is an example of...
protein modification by covalent bond formation
example of homotropic allosterism
oxygen binding to the active sites in HbA cooperatively
cholesterol is synthesized where?
liver
reactions of PPP occur where?
cytosol
Deficiency of aldolase B
hypoglycemia
Osteomalacia is a deficiency of what vitamin?
D
Hemolytic anemia is deficiency of what enzyme?
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Production of D-Glucuronate in Uronic acid pathway
Glc-6-P...Glc-1-P...UDPGlc...D-Glucuronate
Type of enzyme that converts pyruvate to alanine
transaminase
Enzyme used to convert purine base to uric acid
Xanthine oxidase
High NADH/NAD+ ratio in glycolysis reaction
pyruvate to lactate
simvastatins and lovastatins are what kind of inhibitors?
competitive
In PPP, enzyme that acts between erythrose-4-P and Xylulose-5-P
transketolase
LDH1 favors what conversion?
lactate to pyruvate
product of anaerobic glycolysis in erythrocytes
lactate
suicide substrates bind to the ____ site via a _____ bond
active site, covalent bond
Genetic deficiency of what enzyme in PPP leads to hemolytic anemia?
Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase
secreted as a response to hypoglycemia and activates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver causing it to release glucose in blood
glucagon
vitamin B6 is used as co-enzyme for transamination in aa in what reaction?
decarboxylation reactions
essential fructosuria is lack of which enzyme in the liver?
fructokinase
major pathway in the kidney
gluconeogenesis
AH + O2 + ZH2 = AOH + H2O + Z is catalyzed by...
monooxygenases
competitively inhibits succinate dehydrogenase
malonate
acts a poison for complex IV of oxidative phosphorylation
carbon monoxide
Phylloquinone belong to which type of vitamin?
K
Night blindness is a deficiency of what vitamin?
Retinol
Used in reductive synthesis of fatty acids, steroids, or in oxidative process of PPP
NADP+
AA not commonly found in active site of proteins
Asn
M4 found in muscle and liver is responsible for what conversion?
pyruvate to lactate
FAD and NAD+ as co-enzymes
dehydrogenase
inhibitor of complex II in oxidative phosphorylation
malonate
Associated with diabetic cataract (along with fructose)
sorbitol
Vitamin associated with carboxylation reactions
none of these:
B6
B2
B1
B12
cytochrome oxidase
oxidase
formed by breakdown of citrate by ATP Citrate Lyase
oxaloacetate
enzymes of glycolysis are deficient and affect skeletal muscle lead to...
fatigue
enzyme responsible for formation of a new covalent bond between condensation of two molecules
ligase
enzyme used in conversion of D-Glc-6-P to fructose-6-P
phosphohexose isomerase
conjugated glucuronides are formed by what process?
combination of uronic acid and xenobiotics
occurs when renal threshold of of Glucose is exceeded
glucosuria
2,4-dinitrophenol acts as _______ in the oxidative phosphorylation process
as an uncoupler molecule
Peroxisomes are rich in oxidases and _____
catalase
co-enzyme that reduces a substrate by transferring hydrogens from one substrate to O2
FAD
oxidizes a substrate using molecular oxygen as H acceptor
oxidases
Appears in urine with essential pentosuria
L-Xylulose
In PPP, enzyme that acts btwn. sedoheptulose-7-P and Glyceraldehyde-3-P to form Erythrose-4-P and fructose-6-P
transaldolase
L-aminoacid oxidase is used for what reaction?
oxidative deaminiation of amino acids
pathway for biosynthesis of sialic acids
Glc-6-P...Fru-6-P...GlcNAc-6-P...ManNAc-6-P...PEP...NeuAc...Sialic acid
DHAP is used for synthesis by esterification of...
Triacylglycerol (TAG)
conversion of TAG into fatty acids
lipolysis
citrate is allosteric modifier of the enzyme system that catalyzes what reaction?
fatty acid synthesis
LDH1 is inhibited by...
pyruvate
pyruvate is decarboxylated using CoASH to generate...
AcetylCoA
pellagra is caused by deficiency of tryptophan and which vitamin?
niacin
Hyperglycemia occurs in cells that have a high level of...
sorbitol
enzyme that converts ribulose-5-P to xylulose-5-P in PPP
3-epimerase
arginase hydrolyzes arginine to urea and _____ in the urea cycle
ornithine
in citric acid cycle, what reaction forms FADH2?
succinate to fumarate
Asn is metabolized to ____ in the citric acid cycle
oxaloacetate
galactosemia
inability to metabolize galactose
metabolism of what aa forms alpha ketoglutarate?
Glu
Tyr is metabolized to _____ of the citric acid cycle
fumarate
carboxylation of pyruvate forms _______
oxaloacetate
glutathione peroxidase catalyzes what reaction?
H2O2 + FADH2 = 2H2O + FAD
secreted in response to hyperglycemia and stimulates liver to store glucose as glycogen and facilitates uptake of glucose into extrahepatic tissues
insulin
first NADH formed in what step of citric acid cycle?
isocitrate to oxaloacetate
co-enzyme used by an enzyme system that reduces a substrate by transferring H from one substance to another
FAD and NAD+
tocophenols have vitamin ______ activity
E
catalase is an enzyme for what reaction?
2H2O2 = 2H2O + O2
flavoproteins are...
oxidases
enzyme that catalyzes conversion of fructose-6-P to Glc-6-P in the PPP
phosphohexose isomerase
enzyme used to convert pyruvate to oxaloacetate
pyruvate carboxylase
aa in glutathione peroxidase
selenocysteine
in urea cycle, aspartate + citrulline =
arginosuccinate
reaction in complex II
CoQ...CoQH2
precursor to PEP
oxaloacetate
where does uronic acid pathway occur?
liver
PFK-2 is used for what reaction?
Fructose-6-P to Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
route for pyruvate converted to alcohol under anaerobic conditions
pyruvate...acetaldehyde...ethanol
cytochrome P450 is a...
monooxygenase
acts as anti-oxidant in the body
Vitamin E
deficient enzymes of glycolysis
hemolytic anemia
deficiency in what vitamin causes impaired fat and carb metabolism?
H
In citric acid cycle, Ala is metabolized to...
pyruvate