Action of adenylyl cyclase
cAMP synthesis
Action of phosphorylase
glycogenolysis
Action of glycogen synthase
glycogenesis
Fatty acids undergo metabolism using what process?
beta oxidation
PPP is activated under what condition?
NADP+/NADPH is high
Decarboxylation of acetoacetate forms ________
acetone
Reduction of pyruvate makes ________
lactate
Decarboxylation of pyruvate makes _______
AcetylCoA
Carboxylation of pyruvate makes ________
oxaloacetate
Reduction of oxaloacetate makes ________
malate
Condensation of two acetyl groups makes _______
acetoacetate
Reduction of acetoacetate makes ________
beta hydroxybutyrate
PFK2 or PFK1....which enzyme is bifunctional?
PFK2
Insulin increases which processes?
glycogenesis
glycolysis
lipogenesis
protein synthesis
transport of glucose in muscle & adipose tissue
Insulin decreases which processes?
lipolysis
gluconeogenesis
protein catabolism
glycogenolysis
Long chain fatty acids penetrate the inner mitochondrial membrane as which derivative?
AcylCarnitine
Glucagon stimulates which processes?
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
fatty acid oxidation
Glucagon decreases which processes?
glycolysis
glycogen synthesis
fatty acid synthesis
Which of the following is not used by the brain as an energy source (or not metabolized in the brain)?
a. glucose
b. ketone bodies
c. fatty acids
c. fatty acids
Glycogenin primer is formed by the condensation of glycogenin and which molecule?
UDP-Glc (Glc-1-P)
Amino acid which does NOT participate in transamination
proline
In what organ are ketone bodies produced?
liver
Norepinephrine to epinephrine conversion can be carried out by phenylethanolamine N-methyltansferase and what other molecule?
S-Adenosylmethionine
Creatine phosphate can be formed from Arginine and which other amino acid?
glycine
Which base contains a primary amine at the 4th position on the heterocyclic ring?
cytosine
Decrease in what process can reduce the production of ketone bodies?
decrease in lipolysis
Catabolism of which amino acid can be increased to supplement the concentration of alpha ketoglutarate?
His
In fatty acid oxidation, what is the action of thiolase?
cleavage between alpha and beta carbons
Which amino acid can be catabolized to provide more pyruvate?
Cys
AcetylCoA concentration can be increased by catabolism of which amino acid?
Thr
Inhibition of which enzyme would cause a drop in the level of creatine phosphate?
arginosuccinase
Which amino acid is used by the brain?
valine
GABA is formed by the decarboxylation of which amino acid?
Glu
Which heterocyclic base does not contian an oxo group anywhere on the ring?
adenine
Hydrolysis of which amino acid can be used to make more Glu?
hydrolyze Gln
Oxidation of a fatty acid with an odd number of carbon atoms will eventually produce which molecule?
SuccinylCoA
In the beta oxidation process, which molecules are generated?
FADH2
Action of phospholipase A2 on phosphatidylcholine will produce a FFA and which molecule?
lysophosphatidylcholine
Which molecule acts as an inhibitor of carnitine palmatoyl transferase 1?
malonylCoA (or malonate)
AcetylCoA carboxylase is inhibited by which hormone?
glucagon
If you oxidized the CH2-SH group in homocysteine to COO-, which amino acid would you get?
Asp
Taurine can be obtained from which amino acid?
Cys
AcetylCoA cannot be obtained from which of the following processes?
a. Action of HMGLyase on HMGCoA
b. Action of HMGCoA lyase on Acetoacetyl CoA
c. Action of acetate thickinase on acetate
d. Action of thiolase on AcetoacetylCoA
b. Action of HMGCoA lyase on Acetoacetyl CoA
Tyrosine can be catabolized to which of the carbon fragments of the citric acid cycle?
fumarate
Benzoate + Glycine = ___________
Hippurate
Uracil can be converted to Thymine by methylation at which position?
5
Cutting out all carbs from your diet is a bad idea because....
they are yummy and
it will lead to increased acidity in the blood because of increased ketosis resulting in Type II diabetes
Which amino acid undergoes deamination very rapidly in mammalian tissues?
Glu
Muscles cannot use acetoacetate as a fuel in the absence of which enzyme?
Thiolase
Guanine has an oxo group at what position of the heterocyclic ring?
6
The body needs to synthesize prostaglandins in response to an injury. Which Phospholipase will it use on a TAG (triacylglycerol) or on a Phosphoglycerolipid?
Phospholipase A2