Mitochondria
where does the citric acid cylce take place in the cell
flavoproteins
these enzymes are tightly associated with FAD or FMN
cis-aconitate
This is the intermediate between citrate and isocitrate
inner membrane
this is the location of succinate dehydrogenase
oxaloacetate
this intermediate is both at teh beginning and at the end of the citric acid cycle
carbon dioxide
this is one of the products of the citric acid cycle
glyoxylate cycle
a pathway that allows glucose synthesis from acetyl-CoA
arsenite
this substance is toxic because it reacts with the neighboring sulfhydryl groups of dihydrolipoyl groups and blocks its reoxidation to lipoamide
phosphorylation
this type of enzyme regulation process inhibits the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
anaplerotic
this is the name applied to metabolic reactions that replensih citirc acid cycle intermediates taht are depleted because they were used for biosynthesis
acetyl CoA
carbons from carbohydrate enter the citric acid cycle in the form of ____
GTP
in the citric acid cycle, the _____ is produced by a substrate level phosphorylation
thiamine pyrophosphate
E1 of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex requries the coenzyme ____ for proper activity
lysine
E2 of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex contains a lipoyl group that is convalently attached to a _____ residue of the enzyme
aconitase
is a citric acid cycle enzyme that is also an example of an iron sulfur protein
glyoxylate
the ____ cycle is a process by which plants and some bacteria can convert two carbon acetyl units into four carbon units for glucose synthesis, energy production, and biosynthesis
acetyl CoA
most organisms cannot convert _____ into glucose because of the two decarboxylations in the citric acid cycle
high
in general, the citric cycle is inhibited under ______ energy condition
isocitrate
the first citric acid intermediate to be oxidized
thiamine
beri beri is caused by a deficency of _____
The citric acid cycle is known as the what?
krebs cycle and tricarboxylic acid cycle
What molecule initiates the citric acid cycle by reacting with oxaloacetate?
Acetyl CoA
What are the steps involved in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
Decarboxylation, oxidation, transfer to CoA
Which of the following vitamins are precursors to coenzymes that are necessary for the formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate?
thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, lipoic acid, and pantothenic acid
which of the following functions as a flexible swinging arm when it transfers the reaction intermediate from on e active site to the next
Lipoamide
Formation of citrate from acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate is a _____ reaction
condensation
what is the chemcial change involved in the conversion of citrate into isocitrate
dehydration followed by hydration
in which reaction is GTP directly formed in the citric acid cycle?
Conversion of succinyl coa to succinate
The enzymes in the glyoxylate cycle are the same as the citric acid cycle except for?
malate synthase and glyoxylate synthase
What conditions will activate pyruvate dehydrogenase?
elevated concentrations of NADH and ATP
aprroximately how many atp or gto equivalents are produced during one turn of the citric acid cycle
10
in addition to pyruvate dehydrogenase, what other enxymes are key regulatory sites in the citric acid cycle
malate dehydrogenase and a ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
the glycoxylate cycle enables plants to survive using only
acetate