Biochemistry Exam 5

Biochemistry

Study of compounds produced by living organisms

Proteins

Biochemical compounds of major importance; defined as an organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, Nitrogen, sulfur and sometimes phosphorus and iron.

Glycine

The first simplest amino acid

Amino Acid

Building blocks of proteins; a compound containing an amino group
(NH2)
, a carboxyl
(-COOH)
group attached to an Alpha
carbon
and a radical.

Amino Acid

NH2
Also a derivate of ammonia

Carboxyl & Amino

All amino acids have both the _____ group and the _____ group; therefore they too act as both
acids
and
bases
. It is both
acidic
and
alkaline.

Properties of Amino Acids

Amphoteric
Buffers

Amphoteric

Substance that can act as both an acid and a base

Buffers

Compounds that protect a solution against changes in pH
Substances that in solution are capable of neutralizing, within limits, both acids and bases and thereby maintaining the original, or constant pH, of the solution.

Peptide Linkage

A protein is a chain of
amino acids
joined together.
The group that joins the 2 acids.Due to the fact that the carboxyl group and the amino group are joined

Glycine and Alanine

________and ________ can be joined to each other by the elimination of 1 molecule of water to form a
dipeptide.

Dipeptide

Formed by joining two amino acids together.

Proteolysis

Decomposition of proteins.

Putrefaction

Protein breakdown: The anaerobic decomposition of proteins brought about by the action of enzymes.

Embalming Process

Is the series of
proteins cross-linking
to one another. This cross-linking results in the firmness of embalmed tissues. Formaldehyde (HCH0) is the most commonly used agent for this reaction.

Decay

The gradual decomposition of dead organic matter by the enzymes of aerobic bacteria.

3 Major Chemical Reactions involving Putrefaction:

Hydrolysis
Deamination
Decarboxylation

Hydrolysis

Chemical reaction in which a substance is broken down or dissociated by water; a reaction between a salt and water to yield an acid and a base of unequal strengths.
*although a chemical property of water, amino acids are the final hydrolytic products of P

Equation for Hydrolysis

Proteins (Enz)---- amino acids (ptomaine) -- cadaverine/ putacine -- C02 and H20.

Deamination

Removal of a the
amino group
from the
amino acid
; formaldehyde reacts with ammonia to produce Urotroin + Water.

Equation for Deamination

6CH 0 + 4NH --- (CH2)6 N4 + 6H20 Formaldehyde + ammonia ---- Urotropin + water.

Decarboxylation

The removal of the carboxyl group from the an amino acid to yield carbon dioxide, water, and an amine.

Equation for Decaboxylation

Amino Acid --------CO2 + H20 + NH2

The Final Decomposition Products are:

Hydrocarbons
Organic Acids
Amines and ammonia (NH2 + NH3)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Hydrogen Sulfide

Biochemistry/Physiological /Biological Chemistry

The study of the chemical processes of life in both health and disease; chemical processes in health and disease, i.e., all the chemical processes that occur in living things.

Enymes

Highly specialized type of proteins.Function primarily as Catalysts.

Catalysts

Agent which may alter chemical reactions without itself being permanently changed.

Neutralization

The reaction of an acid and a base to produce salt and water.

Ester

An organic compound containing the COO functional group; compound formed by the reaction between a carboxylic acid and and alcohol

Ether

An organic compound containing oxygen as the functional group; compound formed by the reaction between 2 alcohols

Fat

A type of Lipid which contains saturated fatty acids; which is usually a solid at room temperature

Fatty acids

Monocarboxylic acids that tend to form lipids

Formalin

A saturated solution of HCHO in water; a solution of formaldehyde gas dissolved in water. This is an aqueous solution.

Hard water

Water containing
magnesium
, iron or calcium ions

Hemolysis

Swelling of blood cell due to hypotonic solution.

Imbibition

The act of a tissue absorbing moisture from surrounding tissues.

Ketone

Organic compound containing the carbonyl functional group; compound formed by oxidation of a secondary alcohol

Monosaccharide

a simple sugar containing 1 saccharide group.

Substrate

The compound or type of compound upon which an enzyme works.

Names of Enzymes

adding ----ase to the root of the name of the substrate ie. urease ----catalysts the breakdown of its substrate urea.

Two General Classes of Enzymes:

Proteases
Lipases

Proteases

Which breakdown Proteins

Lipases

Which breakdown Lipid(fats)

Roles of enzymes in Decomposition:

Proteolytic(dissolves proteins and hydrolytic (mediate hydrolysis reaction) in nature.

Two distinct Sources of Putrefactive Catalysts:

Saprophytic Bacteria
Lysosomes (lysozyme)

Characteristic of Lysosomes Cell

ability to digest surrounding cellular substances. This self-cell digestion is referred to as Autolysis.

Autolysis

Self-destruction of cells; decomposition of all tissues by enzymes of their own formation without microbial assistance

Carbohydrate

A compound of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen are structurally
aldehyde
or
ketone
derivative of
polyhydroxyl alcohol
. Examples are
sugars
,
starches
, and
glycogen
.

Three important aspects of the Carbohydrates definition:

It designates what elements are present in Carbohydrates
It indicates to expect either the aldehyde or ketone group
It indicates the alcohol functional group is present OH

Three Groups Carbohydrates are Classified into:

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides

The simplest form of a carbohydrate consisting of a single sugar molecule such as
glucose
or
fructose
. They cannot be hydrolyzed to a smaller carbohydrate molecule.

Hexoses

Simple sugars that contain 6-carbons. ex. Glucose and fructose.

Glucose

A simple sugar (monosaccharide) with a molecular formula of C6H12O6.
Blood Sugar
Aldose
derivatives from Aldehydes
occurs freely in nature b/c their formation results from a reaction between the aldehyde or ketone functional group and and alcohol function

Fructose

A monosaccharide found in
fruit
; it is the sweetest sugar; a derivatives of ketone.
Occurs freely in nature b/c their formation results from a reaction between the aldehyde or ketone functional group and an
alcohol
functional group within one sugar molec

Disaccharides

Carbohydrates that can be hydrolyzed into two (2) monosacharides. They are formed when 2 monosaccharides combine by splitting a molecule of water.

3 Major Disaccharides

Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose

Lactose

Also called "milk sugar;" the basis for lactic acid in milk

Maltose

Found in germinating grains/malt sugar "grain sugar

Sucrose

Also called "table sugar"; most common form sugar cane/sugar beets.

Polysaccharides

Those carbohydrates which yields many monosaccharides upon hydrolysis.ie. Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose
Are first hydrolyzed into disaccharide. then compete hydrolysis to yield
monosaccharides

Starch

Polysaccharide made up of a chain of glucose molecules; ex. potatoes, crackers.

Glycogen

Glucose storage
polysaccharide
stored in the liver and muscle of animals;

Cellulose

Polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls

Reactions of Carbohydrates

Hydrolysis~the breakdown of a compound into simpler units by addition of the components of water; therefore monosacharides do not undergo hydrolysis.

Lipids

Function as structural compounds in cell membranes and as storage of energy.
commonly referred to as
fats
and
oils

Properties of Lipids

Insoluble in water
Soluble in organic solvents
Their insolubility distinguishes them from the carbohydrates and proteins.

Physical property of Lipids

are as emulsification agents. An emulsion is a mixture of two naturally insoluble substances---such as dirt and water---where as the dirt would be held in suspension by a third substance know simply as emulsifying agent.

Chemical Property of Lipids

Saponification~"soap-making

Saponification

The reaction between a fat and a strong base to produce glycerol and the salt of a fatty acid(soap)
Technically Salts;

Classification of Lipids:

Basis of their hydrolysis Products:
Simple Lipids:
Compounds Lipids:

Simple Lipids

A compound whose hydrolytic products are fatty acids and Alchols;are those products of hydrolysis, which produce fatty acid and glycerol. ex. fats(saturated fatty acids) and oils(unsaturated fatty acids) whether the lipid is a fat or oil depends on its ph

Fats

A common name for a triylglycerol that is a semisolid or solid at room temperature and contains a high percentage of saturated fatty acids.

Compound Lipid

Phospholipids, glycolipids, sphingolipids are those products of fatty acids, an alcohol,and other substances-hydrolysis which result in fatty acids, and alcohol types of esters and other compounds.

Adipocere

Commonly called
"gravewax"
. Is a white waxy material produced by saponification of body fat. If body is buried in alkaline soil. Adipocere can be produced over a period of time.

Examples of Miscellaneous Lipids:

Various Steriods: such as cholesterol
Hormones
Terpenes
Density Lipo-protein
HDL(high)-----Good
LDL(low)-------Bad
VLDL(very Low)---