Biochemistry
Study of compounds produced by living organisms
Proteins
Biochemical compounds of major importance; defined as an organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, Nitrogen, sulfur and sometimes phosphorus and iron.
Glycine
The first simplest amino acid
Amino Acid
Building blocks of proteins; a compound containing an amino group
(NH2)
, a carboxyl
(-COOH)
group attached to an Alpha
carbon
and a radical.
Amino Acid
NH2
Also a derivate of ammonia
Carboxyl & Amino
All amino acids have both the _____ group and the _____ group; therefore they too act as both
acids
and
bases
. It is both
acidic
and
alkaline.
Properties of Amino Acids
Amphoteric
Buffers
Amphoteric
Substance that can act as both an acid and a base
Buffers
Compounds that protect a solution against changes in pH
Substances that in solution are capable of neutralizing, within limits, both acids and bases and thereby maintaining the original, or constant pH, of the solution.
Peptide Linkage
A protein is a chain of
amino acids
joined together.
The group that joins the 2 acids.Due to the fact that the carboxyl group and the amino group are joined
Glycine and Alanine
________and ________ can be joined to each other by the elimination of 1 molecule of water to form a
dipeptide.
Dipeptide
Formed by joining two amino acids together.
Proteolysis
Decomposition of proteins.
Putrefaction
Protein breakdown: The anaerobic decomposition of proteins brought about by the action of enzymes.
Embalming Process
Is the series of
proteins cross-linking
to one another. This cross-linking results in the firmness of embalmed tissues. Formaldehyde (HCH0) is the most commonly used agent for this reaction.
Decay
The gradual decomposition of dead organic matter by the enzymes of aerobic bacteria.
3 Major Chemical Reactions involving Putrefaction:
Hydrolysis
Deamination
Decarboxylation
Hydrolysis
Chemical reaction in which a substance is broken down or dissociated by water; a reaction between a salt and water to yield an acid and a base of unequal strengths.
*although a chemical property of water, amino acids are the final hydrolytic products of P
Equation for Hydrolysis
Proteins (Enz)---- amino acids (ptomaine) -- cadaverine/ putacine -- C02 and H20.
Deamination
Removal of a the
amino group
from the
amino acid
; formaldehyde reacts with ammonia to produce Urotroin + Water.
Equation for Deamination
6CH 0 + 4NH --- (CH2)6 N4 + 6H20 Formaldehyde + ammonia ---- Urotropin + water.
Decarboxylation
The removal of the carboxyl group from the an amino acid to yield carbon dioxide, water, and an amine.
Equation for Decaboxylation
Amino Acid --------CO2 + H20 + NH2
The Final Decomposition Products are:
Hydrocarbons
Organic Acids
Amines and ammonia (NH2 + NH3)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Hydrogen Sulfide
Biochemistry/Physiological /Biological Chemistry
The study of the chemical processes of life in both health and disease; chemical processes in health and disease, i.e., all the chemical processes that occur in living things.
Enymes
Highly specialized type of proteins.Function primarily as Catalysts.
Catalysts
Agent which may alter chemical reactions without itself being permanently changed.
Neutralization
The reaction of an acid and a base to produce salt and water.
Ester
An organic compound containing the COO functional group; compound formed by the reaction between a carboxylic acid and and alcohol
Ether
An organic compound containing oxygen as the functional group; compound formed by the reaction between 2 alcohols
Fat
A type of Lipid which contains saturated fatty acids; which is usually a solid at room temperature
Fatty acids
Monocarboxylic acids that tend to form lipids
Formalin
A saturated solution of HCHO in water; a solution of formaldehyde gas dissolved in water. This is an aqueous solution.
Hard water
Water containing
magnesium
, iron or calcium ions
Hemolysis
Swelling of blood cell due to hypotonic solution.
Imbibition
The act of a tissue absorbing moisture from surrounding tissues.
Ketone
Organic compound containing the carbonyl functional group; compound formed by oxidation of a secondary alcohol
Monosaccharide
a simple sugar containing 1 saccharide group.
Substrate
The compound or type of compound upon which an enzyme works.
Names of Enzymes
adding ----ase to the root of the name of the substrate ie. urease ----catalysts the breakdown of its substrate urea.
Two General Classes of Enzymes:
Proteases
Lipases
Proteases
Which breakdown Proteins
Lipases
Which breakdown Lipid(fats)
Roles of enzymes in Decomposition:
Proteolytic(dissolves proteins and hydrolytic (mediate hydrolysis reaction) in nature.
Two distinct Sources of Putrefactive Catalysts:
Saprophytic Bacteria
Lysosomes (lysozyme)
Characteristic of Lysosomes Cell
ability to digest surrounding cellular substances. This self-cell digestion is referred to as Autolysis.
Autolysis
Self-destruction of cells; decomposition of all tissues by enzymes of their own formation without microbial assistance
Carbohydrate
A compound of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen are structurally
aldehyde
or
ketone
derivative of
polyhydroxyl alcohol
. Examples are
sugars
,
starches
, and
glycogen
.
Three important aspects of the Carbohydrates definition:
It designates what elements are present in Carbohydrates
It indicates to expect either the aldehyde or ketone group
It indicates the alcohol functional group is present OH
Three Groups Carbohydrates are Classified into:
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
The simplest form of a carbohydrate consisting of a single sugar molecule such as
glucose
or
fructose
. They cannot be hydrolyzed to a smaller carbohydrate molecule.
Hexoses
Simple sugars that contain 6-carbons. ex. Glucose and fructose.
Glucose
A simple sugar (monosaccharide) with a molecular formula of C6H12O6.
Blood Sugar
Aldose
derivatives from Aldehydes
occurs freely in nature b/c their formation results from a reaction between the aldehyde or ketone functional group and and alcohol function
Fructose
A monosaccharide found in
fruit
; it is the sweetest sugar; a derivatives of ketone.
Occurs freely in nature b/c their formation results from a reaction between the aldehyde or ketone functional group and an
alcohol
functional group within one sugar molec
Disaccharides
Carbohydrates that can be hydrolyzed into two (2) monosacharides. They are formed when 2 monosaccharides combine by splitting a molecule of water.
3 Major Disaccharides
Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
Also called "milk sugar;" the basis for lactic acid in milk
Maltose
Found in germinating grains/malt sugar "grain sugar
Sucrose
Also called "table sugar"; most common form sugar cane/sugar beets.
Polysaccharides
Those carbohydrates which yields many monosaccharides upon hydrolysis.ie. Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose
Are first hydrolyzed into disaccharide. then compete hydrolysis to yield
monosaccharides
Starch
Polysaccharide made up of a chain of glucose molecules; ex. potatoes, crackers.
Glycogen
Glucose storage
polysaccharide
stored in the liver and muscle of animals;
Cellulose
Polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls
Reactions of Carbohydrates
Hydrolysis~the breakdown of a compound into simpler units by addition of the components of water; therefore monosacharides do not undergo hydrolysis.
Lipids
Function as structural compounds in cell membranes and as storage of energy.
commonly referred to as
fats
and
oils
Properties of Lipids
Insoluble in water
Soluble in organic solvents
Their insolubility distinguishes them from the carbohydrates and proteins.
Physical property of Lipids
are as emulsification agents. An emulsion is a mixture of two naturally insoluble substances---such as dirt and water---where as the dirt would be held in suspension by a third substance know simply as emulsifying agent.
Chemical Property of Lipids
Saponification~"soap-making
Saponification
The reaction between a fat and a strong base to produce glycerol and the salt of a fatty acid(soap)
Technically Salts;
Classification of Lipids:
Basis of their hydrolysis Products:
Simple Lipids:
Compounds Lipids:
Simple Lipids
A compound whose hydrolytic products are fatty acids and Alchols;are those products of hydrolysis, which produce fatty acid and glycerol. ex. fats(saturated fatty acids) and oils(unsaturated fatty acids) whether the lipid is a fat or oil depends on its ph
Fats
A common name for a triylglycerol that is a semisolid or solid at room temperature and contains a high percentage of saturated fatty acids.
Compound Lipid
Phospholipids, glycolipids, sphingolipids are those products of fatty acids, an alcohol,and other substances-hydrolysis which result in fatty acids, and alcohol types of esters and other compounds.
Adipocere
Commonly called
"gravewax"
. Is a white waxy material produced by saponification of body fat. If body is buried in alkaline soil. Adipocere can be produced over a period of time.
Examples of Miscellaneous Lipids:
Various Steriods: such as cholesterol
Hormones
Terpenes
Density Lipo-protein
HDL(high)-----Good
LDL(low)-------Bad
VLDL(very Low)---