How many acetyl-CoA's are required to synthesize one molecule of isopentenyl pyrophosphate?
3
___ is used to transport fatty acids into mitochondria.
Carnitine
The b-oxidation of fatty acids requires_________.
Acyl-CoA, FAD, NAD+, and CoASH
2 redox reactions, 1 hydration, one cleavage
____ a product of the oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids, is converted to
succinyl-CoA..
Propionyl-CoA
____ derive a substantial amount of energy from the oxidation
of odd-chain fatty acids.
Ruminant animals (cattle and sheep)
The carbon atoms of cholesterol are derived from
Avetyl-CoA
2 carbon atoms of acetate
The following reaction requires the presence of ___? INSERT PHOTO
beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
NAD+
n animals the function of peroxisomal b-oxidation appears to be
shortening of very long- chain fatty acids without ATP synthesis
The acetyl-CoA derived from glyoxysomal b-oxidation is converted to carbohydrate via
Citric acid cycle
Refsum's disease results from a buildup of ________in nerve tissue
Phytanic acid.
Which of the following is not one of the ketone bodies?
Ketone bodies INCLUDE: Acetone, Acetoacetate and Beta-hydroxybutyrate.
Most eicosanoids are derived from ________acid.
Arachidonic Acid/ EPA
Glycerol from the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols is transported by the blood to the ____.
Liver.
The intermediates in fatty acid synthesis are linked through a ________linkage to ACP.
Thioester.
Saturated fatty acids containing up to 16 carbon atoms are assembled in
cytosol/liver
Fatty acid synthesis begins with the carboxylation of acetyl CoA to form
Malonyl-CoA.
All of the following are enzymatic activities found in fatty acid synthase except
condensation
dehydration
reduction
Desaturation of fatty acids involves all of the following except:
INVOLVES: Cytochrome b5 reductase, cytochrome b5 and desaturase, NADH, O2
Which of the following types of fatty acid oxidation produces a dicarboxylic acid?
Alpha Oxidation
The conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA is inhibited by
glucagon, epinephrine, palmitoyl-CoA.
The conversion of acyl-CoA to acylcarnitine is inhibited by __________.
malonyl-CoA.
In conjugation reactions
a molecule's solubility is increased by converting it into a derivative that contains a water-soluble group.
Depending on an animal's metabolic needs, fatty acids may be converted to triacylglycerols, energy or __________.
membrane synthesis.
. Membrane remodeling
is when the fatty acid composition of the SER membrane changes with unsaturated fatty acids replacing the original saturated fatty acids. This is accomplished by phospholipases and acyltransferases, which allows cells to adjust the fluidity of their membr
The conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine requires ______.
enzyme phosphotidylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase.
The sulfatides are synthesized when ________ reacts with 3-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate.
Galactocerebroside.
__________ is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis.
HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR)
The conversion of squalene to cholesterol requires ________.
sterol carrier protein, NADPH, FAD, oxygen.
Cholesterol is a precursor of _________.
synthesis of important metabolites used to form bile salt, bile salts, steroid hormones nascent lipoproteins?
Most bile acids are conjugated with ________.
Glycine or taurine.
Which of the following tissues cannot use fatty acids as a fuel?
Brain.
Lipolysis is used to
form fatty acids and glycerol from degradation of triacylglycerols when energy reserves are low.
Oxidation of the carbon farthest from the carbonyl group of a fatty acid is called
omega oxidation.
In the process of thiolytic cleavage the following occurs:
An acetyl-CoA molecule is released
The other product, acyl-CoA, contains two fewer C atoms
How many FADH2 molecules would be produced in the oxidation of palmitic acid?
7
The rate limiting step in fatty acid synthesis is
acetyl-CoA carboxylation.
What form of oxidation is characteristic of branched chain fatty acids?
Alpha-oxidation.
The metabolism of fatty acids is regulated in the short term by allosteric modulators, covalent modification and
hormones
The most important mechanism for degrading and eliminating cholesterol is the synthesis of
bile acids in the ER of liver cells.
The absorption of triglycerides and other lipid nutrients and their distribution to body tissues is referred to as
the exogenous pathway.
The pathway in which lipoproteins are transported from the liver to cells is referred to as the
endogenous pathway.
Which of the following is not a function of lipids:
Functions include:
Highly efficient and compact energy storage molecules
Essential components of biological membranes (phospholipids, cholesterol, sphingolipids)
Diverse membrane-associated molecules that have signaling or protective functions
The principal means of producing glycerol in the body is
glyceroneogensis
The triacylglycerol cycle is
a mechanism that regulates the level of fatty acids that are available to the body for energy generation and synthesis of molecules such as phospholipids.
The recycling rate of triacylglycerols to fatty acids is inhibited by
insulin