Molecules involved in the conversion of oxidized proteins to their functional reduced suylfhydryl form include all the following except
peroxiredoxins, Thioredoxin, Thioredoxin reductase
All the following are components of the electron transport chain except
Include: Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase complex)
Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase complex)
Complex III (cytochrome bc1 complex) cytochrome c
Complex IV (cytochrome oxidase)
The ETC component that transfers electrons directly to oxygen is
Complex IV, cytochrome oxidase.
During the oxidation of NADH there are several steps in which delta E0' is sufficient for ATP synthesis. These occur within
complex I,II,III,IV
Which of the following molecules inhibits Complex I of the electron transport chain?
Rotenone and amytal
ATP synthesis and mitochondrial electron transport are coupled by
proton gradient across inner mitochondrial membrane/chemiosmosis.
Evidence supporting the charismatic theory includes all the following except:
1) pH drops in a weakly buffered mitochondria suspension when actively respiring
2) Disruption of inner membrane stops respiration
3) Uncouplers and ionophores disrupt proton gradient, inhibiting ATP synthesis
Examples of uncouplers include
dinitrophenol (DNP), FCCP, CCCP.
In the ATP synthase the Fo factor
also known as transmembrane channel for protons, has 3 subunits (a, b2, c10-12). Fo motor converts proton motive force into rotational force of central shaft that drive ATP synthesis.
The maximum P/O ration of FADH2 is
1.5
The control of aerobic respiration by ___ is referred to as respiratory control.
ADP
The first ROS formed during the reduction of oxygen is
super oxide radical ( O2-)
The reaction of Fe+2 with H2O2 results in production of
hydroxyl radical ( OH)
ROS are generated during
nonenzymatic processes (exposure to UV light and ionizing radiation causes ROS formation)
Glutathione peroxidase:
one of the four major enzymatic defenses against oxidative stress.
a selenium-containing enzyme
key component in an enzymatic system most responsible for controlling cellular peroxide levels
catalyzes reduction of substances by GSH
reduces peroxide to for
The NADPH required for generation of GSH from GSSG is synthesized by the reactions of
pentose phosphate pathway.
Glutathione peroxidase requires ____ for full activity.
glutathione reductase
Examples of antioxidants include all the following except
Include: alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), ascorbic acid (vitamin C), beta-carotene
One of the mechanisms by which vitamin C protects membrane is by:
1) preventing lipid per oxidation by reacting with peroxyl radicals formed in cytoplasm before they can reach the membrane
2) enhancing antioxidant activity of vitamin E by regenerating reduced alpha tocopherol from alpha tocopheroxyl radical
The ultimate electron acceptor of the mitochondrial electron transport system is
oxygen.
21. The major sources of NADH that reduce Complex I of the ETC include
???
In Complex III, electrons are transferred from UQH2 to
cytochrome c (cyt c).
________ is a metal cofactor of cytochromes.
Iron
Carbon monoxide inhibits which of the following?
Cytochrome oxidase (electron transport)
Which of the following is the best reducing agent?
NADH usually
The final product of oxidative phosphorylation is ATP
36 molecules
______ are hydrophobic molecules that dissipate ionic gradients.
ionopheres
The return of ___ into mitochondrion is coupled to the formation of ATP.
protons
The energy that is captured by the electron transport system is in the form of
ATP
Reducing power generated in the cytoplasm can be transferred into the mitochondrion by which of the following processes?
Malate-aspartate shuttle/ glycerol phosphate shuttle
The cytochromes contain which type of prosthetic group?
Heme
The function of complex III is the transfer of electrons from
reduced coenzyme Q (UQH2) to cytochrome c protein.
Which of the following complexes contain copper?
Complex IV cytochrome oxidase
Which of the following acts as an allosteric inhibitor of complex IV?
ATP
Which of the following is not a step in the ATP synthesizing process?
Three steps:
1) ADP and Pi bind to L site (rotation converts L conformation ? T conformation)
2) ATP is synthesized
3) ATP is released as T conformation converts to O conformation
Nonshivering thermogenesis is regulated by which of the following?
norepinephrine
The primary function of catalase is
to catalyze conversion of peroxide to water and dioxygen
How many ATP are generated during oxidation of one NADH?
2.5 / 2.25
Which of the following would not be classified as a ROS?
ROS include: superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen
The principal sources of electrons for the electron transport system is (are) which of the following?
Reduced coenzymes, derived from glycolysis, citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation
The statement aerobic organisms use oxygen to generate energy required to maintain metabolic processes yet they risk damage caused by highly reactive oxygen molecules can be referred to as:
reaction oxygen species (ROS)/ paradox of oxygen.
The ultimate waste products of aerobic cellular metabolism of oxygen include
water and CO2.
According to the solid state model of electron transport electron transfer is efficient because
of short diffusion distances for the mobile electron carriers.
How many protons are required to drive phosphorylation of ADP by the mitochondrial ATP synthase?
4
A respiratory burst is initiated when NADPH reacts with oxygen to produce which of the following?
oxygen radical
. Antimycin A inhibits cyt b in complex III. If this inhibitor is added to a suspension of mitochondria which of the following will increase in concentration?
NAD+, flavins, and cyt b reduced (increase in concentration)
Cytochromes c1, c, and a oxidized
(Neither NADH not FADH2... Both will be saturated because they wouldn't get used.)