What is the goal of Glycolysis?
To turn Glucose into pryuvate, so it can enter into the Krebs cycle to produce more energy and generate ATP (Energy) in the process.
What is the first step in the Glycolysis process?
Glucose---->Glucose 6 Phosphate
(addition of a phosphate)
What is the mechanism by which the first step in glycolysis occurs? What is expended in the process?
phosphorylation: ATP
What enzyme phosphorylizes Glucose into Glucose 6 Phosphate in step 1?
hexokinase
What are the steps in Glycolysis in which ATP is used?
Steps 1: Glucose -----> Glucose 6 phosphate
Step 3: Fructose 6 phosphate ----> Fructose 1,6 phosphate
What are the steps in Glycolysis in which ATP is gained?
Steps 7 and 10
How many reactions are there total in Glycolysis?
10
What is Step 2 in the Glycolysis process?
Glucose 6 phosphate -----> fructose 6 phosphate
What enzyme facilitates the change from Glucose 6 phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate in Step 2 of glycolysis?
Phosoglucose Isomerase
What are the 3 major types of enzymes involved in Glycolysis?
Kinases, Isomerases, and Aldolases.
What does a Kinase do?
phosphorylation/ dephosphorylation
(addition and subtraction of a phosphate)
What does an Isomerase do?
Changes shape, not composition
What does an Aldolase do?
Cleaves sugar into smaller sugars.
What is the third step in the Glycolysis process?
fructose 6 phosphate---->fructose 1,6 phosphate
What enzyme adds a phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate to make fructose 1,6, phosphate in Step 3 of Glycolysis?
phosphofructokinase
HINT:(phosphate + adding to fructose +kinase(a phosporylizer)
What is needed by phosofructokinase to produce fructose 1,6 phosphate from fructose 6 phosphate?
An ATP molecule (2nd used in Glycolysis)
What is the fourth step in the Glycolysis process?
Fructose 1,6 phosphate -----> dihydroxyacetone phosphate AND glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate.
Which of the molecules created in the fourth step cannot continue in the process of Glycolysis as is?
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
How does Fructose 1,6 Phosphate get broken down into dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate?
aldolase
What is the fifth step in Glycolysis?
dihydroxyacetone phosphate ----->glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
Which enzyme produces glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate from dihydroxylacetone molecules?
Triosphosphate Isomerase
How do we end up with 2 NET ATPs at the end of glycolysis instead of 1?
because everything done after step 5 is done to both of the glyceraldehyde 3 phosphates produced in steps 4 and 5
What is step 6 in the Glycolysis process?
Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosophate -----> 1,3, bisphosphoglycerate
What is the molecule called that helps the rxn in step 6 occur? What is produced from that molecule after the rxn takes place?
NAD; NADH
What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the rxn in step 6?
glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
HINT:(takes a H+ off glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate, adds a phosphate, so its a kinase)
What is step 7 of Glycolysis?
1,3 bisphosphoglycerate ------> 3-phosphoglycerate
What is made by dephosphorylating 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate in step 7 of Glycolysis?
ATP
What is the enzyme called that facilitates the rxn in step 7?
phosphoglycerate kinase
HINT:(adds a phosphate via phosphorylization(kinase)
What happens in step 8 of glycolysis?
3-phosphoglycerate---->2-phosphogylcerate
What enzyme moves the phosphate from the 3 position to the 2 postion on the phosphoglycerate molecule?
phosphoglycerate mutase
HINT(An isomerase that kind of creates a "mutant" out of 3-phosphoglycerate)
What is step 9 of glycolysis?
2-phosphogycerate------->phosphophenol pyruvate
Which enzyme removes a water from 2-phosphoglycerate?
Enolase
What is the very last step of Glycolysis?
phosphophenol pyruvate ------> pyruvate
What enzyme catalyzes the reaction in step 10 of glycolysis?
Pyruvate Kinase
What is formed when the phosphate is removed from phosphophenol pyruvate?
ATP
What is produced from the Glycolysis process?
2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 H20, 2 pyruvate
How many ATPs are actually formed in Glycolysis? Why is this different from what is actually produced?
4 are formed, but 2 are put in by the cell, so only 2 net ATPs are formed.