body framework consists of:
bone, cartilage, ligaments, joints
skeletal system functions = (7)
1) support, 2) movement, 3) blood cell formation (homopoiesis), 4) internal organ protection, 5) detoxification (removal of poisons), 6) provision for muscle attachment, 7) mineral storage (especially calcium & phosphorus)
bones are especially important for storage of which 2 minerals?
calcium, phosphorus
cells that form compact bone are called
osteoblasts
when osteoblasts become fixed in dense bone matrix, they ?
1) stop dividing, 2) continue to maintain bone tissue as osteocytes
when osteoblasts stop dividing and become fixed in dense bone matrix they are called?
osteocytes
individual bones are classified by ?
shape
bone shapes are:
long, short, flat, irregular & sesamoid
the shaft of a bone is called a
diaphysis
cells that form compact bone are called
osteoblasts
the irregular knob at each end of a long bone is called ?
an epiphysis
an epiphysis is composed mainly of ?
spongy (cancellous) bone
the axial skeleton consists of?
the bones of the skull, backbone & torso
there are ______ bones in the skull
28
there are _____ facial bones and ______ bones in the cranium
14, 14
facial bones =
2 nasal, 2 maxillary, 2 zygomatic, 1 mandible, 2 palatine, 1 vomer, 2 lacrimal, 2 inferior nasal conchae
cranial bones =
1 occipital, 1 frontal, 1 ethmoid, 1 sphenoid, 2 (paired) parietal, 2 (paired) temporal, ossicles of ear (paired) = malleus, incus, stapes
axial skeleton has ________ vertebral column bones
33
regions of the vertebral column =
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal (tailbone)
there are ________ cervical vertebrae
7
there are ________ thoracic vertebrae
12
there are __________ lumbar vertebrae
5
there are _________ sacral vertebrae fused to form the __________
5, sacrum
how many coccygeal vertebra(e)
1
the final portion of the axial skeleton =
bones of the thorax, the sternum, 12 pairs of ribs
the appendicular skeleton =
girdles & limbs
the upper portion of the appendicular skeleton =
pectoral (shoulder) girdle, clavicle, scapula, and the upper extremity
bones of the arm =
humerus, radius, ulna, carpals (wrist bones), metacarpals (hand bones) phalanges (finger bones)
the lower portion of the appendicular skeleton
pelvic girdle & lower extremities
the pelvic girdle, each of the os coxae consist of .....
a fused ilium, ischium, & pubis
bones of the lower extremities =
femur (thigh bone), tibia, fibula, tarsals (ankle bones), metatarsals (foot bones) & phalanges (toe bones)
the early skeleton forms during _________
gestation
the skeleton continues to develop for a number of years after birth through a process called ____________ ______________
endochondral ossification
babies have over __________ bones, whereas adults have only _________ bones
300, 206
there are different cells involved in producing bone and these cells are located in ______________
the bone matrix
bone matrix contains a variety of substances and ___________
collagen
bone matrix forms as bone _____________
hardens
formation, re-formation, and repair of bones takes place over a ____________ period of time
long
4 things support the skeleton, what are they?
muscles, tendons, ligaments and cartilage
the musculoskeleton system consists of ?
bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage
there are a number of differences between male and female skeletons, including the __________, which has to allow for childbirth
pelvis
skeleton function:
support body & maintain body shape
skeleton function:
joints between bones allow movement
skeleton function:
protects organs, such as brain, eyes and inner ears in skull
skeleton function:
produces cells in bone marrow (hematopoieis)
skeleton function:
stores a variety of substances including calcium & iron
skeleton function: skeleton is involved in regulation of blood sugar levels & _________ ________ through release of a substance called ________________
fat deposits, oseteocalcin
skeleton consists of the _________ skeleton and the _________ skeleton
axial, appendicular
central bones including the skull, vertebrae and ribcage =
axial skeleton
bones of the pelvis, upper and lower limbs =
appendicular skeleton
Two types of bone structure make up the skeleton, ________ & __________
compact bone, spongy bone
most of the adult skeleton is composed of ___________ bone, also called ________ bone
compact, dense
trabecular or cancellous bone =
spongy bone
__________ bone contains room for blood vessels and marrow
spongy
the 5 types of bone in the human body are:
long bones, short bones, flat bones irregular bones, sesamoid bones
diaphysis =
shaft
in _____ bones the shaft is longer than its width
long
________ bones are cube shaped
short
______ bones are thin and curved
flat
_______ bones are irregular and complicated in shape
irregular
________ bones are found embedded in tendon
sesamoid
femur, tibia, radius are examples of _______ bones
long
wrist and ankle bones are examples of ________ bones
short
skull and sternum are examples of _______ bones
flat
hip & spinal bones are examples of _______ bones
irregular
the patella, or kneecap is an example of a _________ bone
sesamoid
articulations =
joints
joints are found where bone meets _________, where bone meets ____________, and where bone meets __________
bone, cartilage, teeth
joints are key components of the skeletal system. diseases of joints are the __________ cause of disability in the civilized world
joints
how joints move can be categorized ____ ways
3
an immoveable joint =
synarthosis
a slightly moveable joint =
amphiarthosis
a freely moveable joint =
diarthosis
the group known as syntharthoses contain 3 types of joints, __________, ___________, and ___________
suture, gomphosis, synchondrosis
connective tissue joint joining the bones of the skull =
suture joint
a temporary suture that is present in children until replaced with bone =
synostosis
joints where a peg fits into a socket =
gomphosis
roots of the teeth and their connection with the skull and jawbone are ________ joints
gomphosis joint
a cartilage joint found where a bone joins to another bone cartilage =
synchondrosis joint
sternocostal joints where costal cartilage attaches the ribs to the sternum (breastbone) =
synchondrosis joint
_________ joints occur in the epiphyseal (growth) plate of long bones during development and eventually become bone
synchondrosis
amphiarthoses (slightly moveable joints) contain ______ sub-types of joints, __________ and __________ joints
2, syndesmosis, symphasis
a fibrous joint that contains more connective tissue than a suture =
syndesmosis joint
the joint between the tibia and the fibula =
syndesmosis joint
a joint that contains a flat disc of cartilage =
symphasis joint
the spine and the hip bones are __________ joints
symphasis
diarthoses, freely moving joints are also called _________ joints and all contain a space called a _________ ________ that is filled with ________ _______, which lubricates and prevents friction in joints.
synovial, synovial cavity, synovial fluid
__________ joints contain cartilage that covers the ends of bones
diarthoses
there are 6 types of diarthoses joints, __________, __________, __________, _________, ___________, ___________
ball and socket, condyloid, saddle, hinge, pivot, gliding
joint consist of a ball shaped end of one bone fitting into depression of another. they allow a variety of movements =
ball and socket
shoulder and hip joints =
ball and socket
joint that allows side by side and forward and backwards movement =
condyloid
wrist joint =
condyloid joint
similar to a condyloid joint, but allows more movement =
saddle joint
thumb joint =
saddle joint
allows flexion and extension because a convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another =
hinge joint
the knee, elbow and ankle are ________ joints
hinge
allows rotation of a bone =
pivot joint
the end of the radius and ulna allows the hand to turn upwards and downwards and is an example of a _________ joint
pivot
allows side-to-side and backwards and forwards movement =
gliding joint
the clavicle (collarbone) gliding on the sternum (breastbone) and the scapula (shoulder blade) are examples of _______ joints
gliding
________ assist the skeleton with movement and attach to the bones with tendons
muscles
__________ are fibrous connective tissues that connect bone to muscle. they work with muscles for movement
tendons
________ connect bone to bone such as the cruciate _________ in the knee
ligaments, cruciate ligaments
there are different types of _________ in the body, some of which is at the joints of moveable bones, helping joints move freely. _______ also acts as a shock absorber for the skeleton
cartilage, cartilage
part of connective tissue. many types found in scar tissue, skin, hair, cartilage, ligaments, bone, and many other body tissues =
collagen
fibrous tissue with many structural roles found in tendons, bone, cartilage, and ligaments =
connective tissue
name for the development of the skeleton after birth =
endochondral ossification
fracture only occurring in children when bones are soft =
green stick fracture
name given to the process by which different components of the blood develop in bone marrow. includes erythrocytes, white blood cells, and platelets
haematopoieis
all RBCs, WBCs and platelets develop from _____ cells
stem cells
a ________ occurs when a muscle is torn. it can also affect tendons
strain
occurs when a ligament is over-stretched =
sprain
luxation =
dislocation
occurs when bones displace at the joint. can be caused by sudden trauma such as a fall =
dislocation
reduction in bone density increasing the risk of fractures =
osteoporosis
degeneration of joints, eventually cartilage at the end of bones is lost =
osteoarthritis
osteophytes =
bone spurs
these form on bone as it ages and are often caused with the onset of arthritis =
bone spurs or osteophytes