eye
organ of vision
sclera
outer protective layer of the eye; the portion seen on the anterior portion of the eyeball is referred to as the white of the eye
cornea
transparent anterior part of the sclera, which is anterior to the aqueous humor and lies over the iris. It allows the light rays to enter the eye
choroid
middle layer of the eye, which is interlaced with many blood vessels that supply nutrients to the eye
iris
pigmented muscular structure that regulates the amount of light entering the eye by controlling the size of the pupil
pupil
opening in the center of the iris
lens
lies directly behind the pupil; its function is to focus and bend light
retina
innermost layer of the eye, which contains the vision receptors
aqueous humor
watery liquid found in the anterior cavity of the eye. It provides nourishment to nearby structures and maintains shape in the anterior part of the eye
vitreous humor
jellylike substance found behind the lens in the posterior cavity of the eye that maintains its shape
meibomian glands
oil glands found in the upper and lower edges of the eyelids that help lubricate the eye
lacrimal apparatus
network of glands, ducts, canals, and sacs that produce and drain tears; the lacrimal gland produces tears, which then flow through the lacrimal ducts to cover the surface of the eye. Tears drain into lacrimal canals, flow into the lacrimal sac (tear sac)
optic nerve
carries visual impulses from the retina to the brain
conjunctiva
mucous membrane lining the eyelids and covering the anterior portion of the sclera
blephar/o
eyelid
conjunctiv/o
conjunctiva
cor/o, core/o, pupill/o
pupil
corne/o, kerat/o
cornea
dacry/o, lacrim/o
tear(s)
ir/o, irid/o
iris
ocul/o, ophthalm/o
eye
opt/o
vision
phac/o, phak/o
lens
retin/o
retina
scler/o
sclera
cry/o
cold
cyst/o
bladder, sac
dipl/o
two, double
is/o
equal
phot/o
light
ton/o
tension, pressure
bi-, bin-
two
-opia
vision (condition)
-phobia
abnormal fear of or aversion to specific things
-plegia
paralysis
aphakia
condition of without a lens (may be congenital, though often is the result of extraction of a cataract without the placement of an intraocular lens)
blepharitis
inflammation of the eyelid
blepharoptosis
prolapse of the eyelid (commonly called ptosis)
conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva (pink eye)
dacryocystitis
inflammation of the tear (lacrimal) sac
diplopia
double vision
endophthalmitis
inflammation within the eye
iridoplegia
paralysis of the iris
iritis
inflammation of the iris
keratitis
inflammation of the cornea
keratomalacia
softening of the cornea (usually a bilateral condition associated with vitamin A deficiency)
leukocoria
condition of white pupil
oculomycosis
abnormal condition of the eye caused by a fungus
ophthalmalgia
pain in the eye
ophthalmoplegia
paralysis of the eye (muscle)
phacomalacia
softening of the lens
photophobia
abnormal fear of (sensitivity to) light
Retinoblastoma
tumor arising from a developing retinal cell (malignant, may be congenital; occurs mainly in children)
retinopathy
(any noninflammatory) disease of the retina (such as diabetic retinopathy)
scleritis
inflammation of the sclera
scleromalacia
softening of the sclera
xerophthalmia
condition of dry eye (conjunctiva and cornea)
amblyopia
reduced vision in one eye caused by disuse or misuse associated with strabismus, unequal refractive errors, or otherwise impaired vision. The brain suppresses images from the impaired eye to avoid double vision (also called lazy eye)
Anisometropia
significant unequal refractive error between two eyes
astigmatism (Ast)
blurred vision caused by irregular curvature of the cornea or lens. Light refracts improperly, resulting in diffused, rather than points of light focusing on the retina.
cataract
clouding of the lens of the eye
chalazion
non-infected obstruction of an oil gland of the eyelid (also called meibomian cyst)
drusen
yellowish deposits located under the retina; commonly associated with aging and macular degeneration
glaucoma
eye disorder characterized by increase of intraocular pressure (IOP). If left untreated may progress to optic nerve damage and visual impairment or loss.
hyperopia
farsightedness
hyphema
hemorrhage within the anterior chamber of the eye; most often caused by blunt trauma (also called hyphemia)
macular degeneration
progressive deterioration of the portion of the retina called the macula lutea, resulting in loss of central vision. Age-related ________ (ARMD) is the leading cause of legal blindness in persons older than 65 years; onset occurs between the ages of 50 an
myopia
nearsightedness
nyctalopia
poor vision at night or in faint light (also called night blindness)
nystagmus
involuntary, jerking movements of the eyes
pinguecula
yellowish mass on the conjunctiva that may be related to exposure to ultraviolet light, dry climates, and dust. A ______ that spreads onto the cornea becomes a pterygium.
presbyopia
impaired vision as a result of aging
pterygium
thin tissue growing into the cornea from the conjunctiva, usually caused from sun exposure
retinal detachment
separation of the retina from the choroid in back of the eye
retinitis pigmentosa
hereditary, progressive disease marked by night blindness with atrophy and retinal pigment changes
strabismus
condition in which the eyes look in different directions; caused by dysfunction of the external eye muscles or an uncorrected refractive error (called cross-eyed when one eye turns in)
sty
infection of an oil gland of the eyelid (also spelled stye and also called hordeolum)
blepharoplasty
surgical repair of the eyelid
cryoretinopexy
surgical fixation of the retina by using extreme cold (carbon dioxide)
dacryocystorhinostomy
creation of an artificial opening between the tear (lacrimal) sac and the nose (to restore drainage into the nose when the nasolacrimal duct is obstructed or obliterated)
dacryocystotomy
incision of the tear (lacrimal) sac
iridectomy
excision of part of the iris
iridotomy
incision into the iris
keratoplasty
surgical repair of the cornea (corneal transplant)
sclerotomy
incision into the sclera
enucleation
surgical removal of the eyeball (also, the removal of any organ that comes out clean and whole)
LASIK (laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis)
laser procedure that reshapes the corneal tissue beneath the surface of the cornea to correct astigmatism, hyperopia, and myopia. ______ is a combination of excimer laser and lamellar keratoplasty. It differs from photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in that
phacoemulsification (PHACO)
method to remove cataracts in which an ultrasonic needle probe breaks up the lens, which is then aspirated
photorefractive keratectomy (PRK)
procedure for the treatment of astigmatism, hyperopia, and myopia in which an excimer laser is used to reshape (flatten) the corneal surface by removing a portion of the cornea
retinal photocoagulation
intense beam of light from a laser condenses retinal tissue to seal leaking blood vessels, to destroy abnormal tissue or lesions, or to bond the retina to the back of the eye. Used to treat retinal tears, diabetic retinopathy, wet macular degeneration, gl
scleral buckling
a procedure to repair a detached retina. A strip of sclera is resected, or a fold is made in the sclera. An exoplant is used to hold and buckle the sclera
trabeculectomy
surgical creation of an opening that allows aqueous humor to drain out of the eye to underneath the conjunctiva where it is absorbed; used to treat glaucoma by reducing intraocular pressure. (laser ______ may also be used).
vitrectomy
surgical removal of all or part of the vitreous humor (and used to treat diabetic retinopathy)
fluorescein angiography
radiographic imaging of blood vessels (of the eye with fluorescing dye)
keratometer
instrument used to measure (the curvature of) the cornea (used for fitting contact lenses)
ophthalmoscope
instrument used for visual examination (of the interior) of the eye
ophthalmoscopy
visual examination of the eye
optometry
measurement of vision (also measurement of the eye and visual processing system)
pupillometer
instrument used to measure (the diameter of) the pupil
pupilloscope
instrument used for visual examination of the pupil
retinoscopy
visual examination of the retina
tonometer
instrument used to measure pressure (within the eye, used to diagnose glaucoma)
tonometry
measurement of pressure (within the eye)
aniscoria
condition of absence of equal pupil (size) (unequal size of pupils)
binocular
pertaining to two or both eyes
corneal
pertaining to the cornea
intraocular
pertaining to within the eye
isocoria
condition of equal pupil (size)
lacrimal
pertaining to tears
nasolacrimal
pertaining to the nose and tear ducts
ophthalmic
pertaining to the eye
ophthalmologist
physician (surgeon) who studies and treats diseases of the eye
ophthalmology (ophth)
study of the eye (branch of medicine that deals with treating diseases of the eye)
ophthalmopathy
any disease of the eye
optic
pertaining to vision
pseudophakia
condition of false lens (placement of an intraocular lens during surgery to treat cataracts)
pupillary
pertaining to the pupil
retinal
pertaining to the retina
emmetropia (Em)
normal refractive condition of the eye
intraocular lens (IOL)
artificial lens implanted within the eye during cataract surgery
miotic
agent that constricts the pupil
mydriatic
agent that dilates the pupil
optician
specialist who fills prescriptions for lenses (cannot prescribe lenses)
optometrist
health professional who diagnoses, treats, and manages diseases and disorders of the eyes and visual processing system; doctor of optometry (OD)
visual acuity (va)
sharpness of vision for either distance or near
age-related macular degeneration
armd
astigmatism
ast
emmetropia
em
intraocular lens
iol
intraocular pressure
iop
laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis
lasik
ophthalmology
ophth
phacoemulsification
phaco
photorefractive keratectomy
prk
visual acuity
va
ear
organ of hearing and balance; includes the external ear, middle ear, and labyrinth or inner ear
external ear
consists of the auricle and external auditory canal (meatus)
auricle
external, visible part of the ear located on both sides of the head; directs sound waves into the external auditory canal (also called pinna)
external auditory canal
short tube that ends at the tympanic membrane. The inner part lies within the temporal bone of the skull and contains the glands that secrete earwax (cerumen). (also called external auditory meatus)
middle ear
consists of the tympanic membrane and the tympanic cavity containing the ossicles
tympanic membrane
semitransparent membrane that separates the external auditory meatus and the middle ear cavity. The ______ transmits sound vibrations to the ossicles. (also called eardrum)
ossicles
bones of the middle ear that carry sound vibrations. The ossicles are composed of the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup). The stapes connects to the oval window, which transmits the sound vibrations to the cochlea of the inner ear.
eustachian tube
passage between the middle ear and the pharynx; equalizes air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane
inner ear
consists of the labyrinth and connectors of the vestibular and the cochlear nerves
labyrinth
bony spaces within the temporal bone of the skull made up of three distinct parts, the cochlea, the semicircular canals, and the vestibule. The cochlea facilitates hearing. The semicircular canals and the vestibule facilitate equilibrium and balance.
cochlea
coiled portion of the inner ear containing the sensory organ for hearing; connects to the oval window in the middle ear
semicircular canals and vestibule
sensory organs of balance; contain receptors and endolymph that provide sensory information about the body's position to maintain equilibrium
mastoid bone
portion of the temporal bone of the skull posterior and inferior to each auditory canal; contains mastoid air cells that drain into the middle ear cavity behind the external auditory canal. (also called mastoid process)
audi/o
hearing
aur/i, ot/o
ear
cochle/o
cochlea
labyrinth/o
labyrinth
mastoid/o
mastoid bone
myring/o
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
staped/o
stapes
tympan/o
middle ear
vestibul/o
vestibule
labyrinthitis
inflammation of the labyrinth
mastoiditis
inflammation of the mastoid bone
myringitis
inflammation of the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
otalgia
pain in the ear
otomastoiditis
inflammation of the ear and the mastoid bone
otomycosis
abnormal condition of fungus in the ear (usually affects the external auditory canal)
otopyorrhea
discharge of pus from the ear
otorrhea
discharge from the ear (may be serous, bloody, consisting of pus, or containing cerebrospinal fluid)
otosclerosis
hardening of the ear (stapes) (caused by irregular bone development and resulting in hearing loss)
acoustic neuroma
benign tumor within the internal auditory canal growing from the acoustic nerve (cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve); may cause hearing loss and may damage structures of the cerebellum as it grows
cholesteatoma
cystlike mass composed of epithelial cells and cholesterol occurring in the middle ear; may be associated with chronic otitis media
M�ni�re's disease
chronic disease of the inner ear characterized by a sensation of spinning motion (vertigo), ringing in the ear (tinnitus), aural fullness, and fluctuating hearing loss; symptoms are related to a change in volume or composition of fluid within the labyrint
otitis externa
inflammation of the outer ear
otitis media (OM)
inflammation of the middle ear
presbycusis
hearing impairment occurring with age
tinnitus
ringing in the ears
vertigo
sense that either one's own body (subjective vertigo) or the environment (objective vertigo) is revolving; may indicate inner ear disease
cochlear implant
pertaining to the cochlea implant (surgically inserted electronic device that converts sound into electrical impulses. The impulses stimulate the auditory nerve to carry the signal to the brain which learns to interpret the signal as sound. The damaged pa
labyrinthectomy
excision of the labyrinth
mastoidectomy
excision of the mastoid bone
mastoidotomy
incision into the mastoid bone
myringoplasty
surgical repair of the tympanic membrane
myringotomy
incision into the tympanic membrane (performed to relieve pressure in the middle ear by releasing pus or fluid and for the placement of tubes)
stapedectomy
excision of the stapes (performed to restore hearing in cases of otosclerosis; the stapes is replaced by a prosthesis)
tympanoplasty
surgical repair (of the hearing mechanism) of the middle ear (including the tympanic membrane and the ossicles)
audiogram
(graphic) record of hearing
audiometer
instrument used to measure hearing
audiometry
measurement of hearing
electrocochleography
process of recording the electrical activity in the cochlea (in response to sound)
otoscope
instrument used for visual examination of the ear
otoscopy
visual examination of the ear
tympanometer
instrument used to measure middle ear (function)
tympanometry
measurement of middle ear (function)
audiologist
one who studies and specializes in hearing
audiology
study of hearing
aural
pertaining to the ear
cochlear
pertaining to the cochlea
otolaryngologist (ENT)
physician who studies and treats diseases of the ear, nose, and larynx (throat)
otologist
physician who studies and treats diseases of the ear
otology
study of the ear (a branch of medicine that deals with diseases of the ear)
vestibular
pertaining to the vestibule
vestibulocochlear
pertaining to the vestibule and the cochlea
acute otitis media
aom
ears, nose, throat; otolaryngologist
ent
hard of hearing
hoh
otitis media
om