ribosomes
*Protein synthesis; composed of RNA and protein
organelles
suspended in the cytosol, are the metabolic machinery of the cell; and carry out specific functions
Rough E.R. (endoplasmic reticulum)
highly folded system of membranous tubules; provides a system of channels for the transport of cellular substances (mainly proteins) from part of the cell to another...COVERED IN RIBOSOMES!
Smooth E.R. (endoplasmic reticulum)
Golgi apparatus
generally found close to the nucleus; accepts proteins from the Rough ER, segregated, and packaged into vesicles and "ships them out
lysosomes
*use acid; contain an array of powerful digestive enzymes...come from the golgi apparatus
peroxisomes
*use hydrogen peroxide; also enzyme packages...useing oxygen they detoxify many harmful substances...like free radicals
mitochondria
*Makes ATP;
referred to as the "power house" of cells
centrioles
during cell division they direct the formation of the mitotic spindle;
also form the cell projections cilia and flagella (when doing this called basal bodies)
inclusions
various other substances that are contained in the cytosol that are NOT part of the metabolic machinery of the cell
cytoskeleton elements
helps to form the internal structure and are located throughout the cytosol
meiosis
specialized type of nuclear division that occurs only in the reproductive organs
mitosis
nuclear division...it's product being 2 daughter cells that are genetically identical to the mother nucleus
mitotic spindle
formed by the centrioles during cell division
active processes
cell provides ATP to power the transport process;
includes active transport and vesicular transport
passive processes
concentration or pressure differences drive the movement; includes diffusion and osmosis
diffusion
is the movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration.
osmosis
only water moving across a membrane
isotonic solution
*example is normal saline
hypertonic solution
*example is 3% saline
hypotonic solution
*example is distilled water
crenation
crinkling up process...that happens when cell is placed in a hypertonic solution
hemolysis
RBC burst as the water floods into them, leaving "ghosts" in their wake
active transport
one form of facilitated diffusion; required carrier proteins that combine wi the transported substance
vesicular transport
how large particles and molecules are transported across the membrane;
movement maybe via:
endocytosis (into the cell); or
exocytosis (out of the cell)
phagocytosis
cell eating"; parts of the plasma membrane and cytoplasm expand and flow around a relatively large or solid material and engulf it.
Phagosome (is the membranous sac that is formed, which is then fused with a lysosome and its contents are digested)
*example would be white blood cells
pinocytosis
cell drinking"; also called a fluid-phase endocytosis...cell membrane sinks beneath he material to form a small vesicle, which then pinches off into the cell interior
(most common for taking in liquids containing protein or fat)
interphase
period of a cell's life when it carries out its normal metabolic functions and grows;
chromatin is formed...it has 3 distinct periods:
G1: centrioles begin replicating
S: DNA is replicated
G2: final prep for mitosis are completed, and centrioles finish replication
prophase
first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus
metaphase
the stage in mitosis or meiosis in which the duplicated chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate of the spindle
anaphase
third phase of mitosis and of meiosis I and II, in which the sister chromatids separate and move toward the poles of the spindle
telophase
the final stage of meiosis or mitosis, in which the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the dividing cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells form around the two sets of chromosomes;
At the end of which Cytokinesis occurs...completing the division
cytokinesis
part of telophase, that signals the division is complete
stages of mitosis:
(I Pee on MAT)
Interphase
Prophase
on
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
glycoprotein
sugar + protein
glycolipid
sugar + fat
receptor-mediated endocytosis
is a more selective type of endocytosis uses plasma membrane receptors...is exquisitely selective and is used primarily for cellular uptake of specific molecules like cholesterol, iron, ect...and thus transfers those substances from one side of the cell to the other.
endocytosis
into the cell
exocytosis
out of the cell
simple diffusion
unassisted diffusion of solutes through a differentially permeable membrane
facilitated diffusion
small ions cross the membrane by moving through water-filled protein channels
concentration gradient
difference in concentration
chromatin
threadlike form that loosely disperses the genetic material
nucleus
contains the genetic material, DNA, sections of which are called "genes
cell
the structural and functional unit of all living things, is a complex entitiy
nuclear envelope
a double-layered porous membrane; contains large nuclear pores
nuclear pores
they permit easy passage of protein and RNA molecules out of the nucleus
plasma membrane
created from a phospholipid bilayer; includes: cholesterol, proteins (integral..through; and peripheral...outside)
microvilli
*Increases the surface area of a cell
cillia
hairlike" projections on the outside of cell; moves the fluid around the cell
flagella
tail-like" structure...ONLY Sperm!