Olfactory
I, sensory, carries impulses for sense of smell
Optic
II, sensory, carries impulses for vision
Oculomotor
III, motor, supplies motor fibers to four of the six muscles (superior, inferior, and medial rectus, and inferior oblique) that direct the eyeball; to the eyelid; and to the internal eye muscles controlling lens shape and pupil size
Trochlear
IV, motor, supplies motor fibers for one external eye muscle (superior oblique)
Trigeminal
V, both, conducts sensory impulses from the skin of the face and mucosa of the nose and mouth; also contains motor fibers that activate the chewing muscles
Abducens
VI, motor, supplies motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscle, which rolls the eye laterally
Facial
VII, both, activates the muscles of facial expression and the lacrimal and salivary glands; carries sensory impulses from the taste buds of anterior tongue
Vestibulocochlear
VIII, sensory, vestibular transmits impulses for the sense of balance, and cochlear branch transmits impulses for the sense of hearing
Glossopharyngeal
IX, both, supplies motor fibers to the pharynx (throat) that promote swallowing and saliva production; carries sensory impulses from taste buds of the posterior tongue and from pressure receptors of the carotid artery
Vagus
X, both, fibers carry sensory impulses from and motor impulses to the pharynx, larynx, and the abdominal and thoracic viscera; most motor fibers are parasympathetic fibers that promote digestive activity and help regulate heart activity
Accessory
XI, motor, activate the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
Hypoglossal
XII, motor, control tongue movements; sensory fibers carry impulses from the tongue
PNS Cranial Nerves
(oh oh oh to touch and feel very green vegetables a-h)
olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
Purely Sensory Cranial Nerves
1, 2, 8
Purely Motor Cranial Nerves
3, 4, 6, 11, 12
Sensory & Motor Cranial Nerves
5, 7, 9, 10
Which of the following phrases best describes how the cells that form the walls of lymph capillaries aid in regulating interstitial fluid?
The edges overlap, making a mini valve
The lymph nodes help protect the body by removing potentially threatening substances such as viruses, and by producing ________.
lymphocytes
The role of T cells is to _______.
perform a surveillance role
The most important function of the spleen is to ________.
destroy and process worn-out red blood cells
Found in the wall of the small intestine, ________ capture(s) and destroy(s) bacteria before they invade the intestinal wall.
Peyer's patches
The keratinized _______ and _______ are the body's first line of defense against pathogens.
epidermis, mucous membranes
Natural killer cells attack the target cell's membrane, releasing _______, which initiate disintegration of the target cell membrane and nucleus.
perforins
During an inflammatory response, histamine is released _______ blood vessels dilate and pain receptors are activated.
before
Three important aspects of the adaptive defense are that it is antigen specific, it is systemic, and it _______.
has a memory
Important in recruiting other cells to fight invaders, _______ can be thought of as the "directors" or "managers" of the immune system.
helper T cells
A person who has recovered from mumps is protected from contracting the disease again by a _______.
secondary immune response. The body can now make large amounts of antibodies rapidly to fight a second infection.
An infection may spread throughout the body, commonly causing swelling and tenderness of the _______.
lymph nodes. These usually swell largest near the site of infection
Proteins secreted by plasma cells that bind to specific pathogens are called _______.
antibodies. Plasma cells produce antibodies, which then mark pathogens for complementation.
Which of the following is NOT a nonspecific immune response?
B cell production of antibodies. B cells are part of the specific immune response.
In which of the following lymph node structures are phagocytic macrophages found?
Medulla
The most important nonspecific defense of the body is/are _______.
the skin. this is the first means of defending the body from invasion by foreign organisms.
Allergic symptoms, such as sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes, result from _______.
histamines. It is for this reason that antihistamines are prescribed for allergic reactions.
The substance produced by virus-infected cells that helps other cells resist viral infection is _______.
interferon. this protein stimulates healthy neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins.
Which of the following is NOT a lymphoid organ?
liver. the liver is not involved in lymphatic system function.
White blood cells that engulf and destroy bacteria are called _______.
phagocytes. macrophages are one type of phagocyte
Which of the following is a form of natural passive immunity, in which no immunological memory is established?
placenta or breast milk
After an initial chicken pox infection/exposure, _______ would remain in the body, enabling it to respond quickly and efficiently to subsequent exposures to the same antigen.
memory cells. memory t and b cells provide potential lifetime protection against those antigens to which the body has been previously exposed.
Each of the following is involved in the formation of antibodies EXCEPT ________.
suppressor T cells growing and dividing very rapidly. this is not part of antibody formation
Which of the following events represents the body's third line of defense?
Adaptive response mediated by lymphocytes. The third line of defense comes into play if a damaged area contains pathogens that have previously invaded the body. Both protective antibodies and T lymphocytes act specifically and directly against the damagin
The body's first line of defense against the invasion of pathogens is _______.
the skin. The skin forms a tight barrier and prevents numerous infections.
The immune cells involved in allergic reactions, especially in the lining of the nasal passages, causing sneezing and runny noses _______.
are mast cells
The inflammatory response ________.
is the body's second line of defense, after the skin
The injection of weakened pathogens to produce immunity is a(n) _______.
vaccination. With vaccines, the body is able to make antibodies to the pathogen without developing all of the symptoms.
The most common overreactions of the immune system are known as _______.
allergies. this occurs when the body recognizes harmless substances as harmful and initiates a reaction against them.
Which of the following areas is drained by the right lymphatic duct?
Right arm
What is the function of pyrogens?
inhibit bacterial growth. they raise body temperature, which reduces the availability of nutrients for bacteria by speeding up the body's metabolism
Which of these cell types is responsible for production of antibodies?
B lymphocyte - when activated, their descendent cells mass produce more antibodies
Which of these cells stimulates both antibody-secreting cells and cytotoxic immune cells?
helper T cells. Helper T cells are needed to activate both arms of the immune system.
Which of these is found on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell?
fragments of foreign pathogens ingested by the cell. APCs will use these fragments to alert the immune system
What type of T cell directly attacks infected cells?
cytotoxic. these cells bind an infected cell that displays the antigen the T cell recognizes, and kills the cell
What feature of lymphatic capillaries prevents lymph from backflowing into the tissues?
flap-like minivalves
Which of the following statements best describes the function of the lymphatic system?
transporting back the blood fluids that have escaped from the blood vascular system. The lymphatic system is a network of lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues and organs
Which of the following is responsible for filtering lymph?
lymph node
What is the function of histamine?
trigger inflammation
What is the function of complement?
binding to foreign cells and punching holes in their surfaces
Four cardinal signs of inflammatory response
swelling, heat, redness, pain
What is the role of B lymphocytes?
producing antibodies
Where do T lymphocytes finish their maturation and develop immunocompetence?
thymus
What is the function of antigen-presenting cells?
activating T lymphocytes
What is humoral immunity?
antibody-mediated immune response
What cells produce the secreted antibodies during an active infection?
plasma cells
What type of disorder occurs when foreign antigen resembles self-antigen, triggering antibodies against normal body cells?
autoimmune disease
Which statement best describes the function of plasma cells?
producing antibodies; produce highly specific antibodies at a rate of 2000 antibody molecules p/sec
The lymphatic vessels and cardiovascular veins are similar in that they operate under low pressure and some larger ones have valves.
TRUE
Which statement best describes the function of the lymph node?
removing bacteria and tumor cells from the lymphatic stream and producing lymphocytes. Lymph nodes help protect the body from foreign material, such as bacteria and tumor cells, by removing them from the lymphatic stream. Lymphocytes are also produced by
What lymphoid organ produces hormones that affect lymphocyte function?
thymus. This lymphoid organ, located in the chest, produces hormones that function in the programming of certain lymphocytes of the immune system.
Which of these is an inflammatory process triggered by histamine?
dilation of vessels. Dilation brings blood into the affected area, supplying infection-fighting white blood cells and antibodies.
Where do B lymphocytes (B cells) develop immunocompetence?
bone marrow
Identify the role of the cytotoxic (killer) T cell.
killing virus-infected, cancer, or foreign graft cells
Sex organs called _______ produce sex cells called _______.
gonads, gametes
Sperm is formed in the _______.
seminiferous tubules
Primary spermatocytes are _______ whereas spermatids are _______.
diploid, haploid
Two hormones produced in the ovaries are _______ and estrogen.
progesterone
The primary oocyte is _______ and the first polar body is _______.
diploid, haploid
The milk-producing glands within the mammary glands are called the _______ glands.
alveolar
The temporary organ formed during pregnancy to support proper fetal development is the _______.
placenta
When a fetus reaches about day 270 in the womb it is designated _______.
full term
During pregnancy the placenta produces _______ and estrogen.
relaxin
When ovulation ceases and menstruation has not occurred in a year then a woman is said to have reached _______.
menopause