Anatomy
Step 1 - Study of Structures
Step 2 - The location of the structure
Step 3 - The relationship in/amongst the structures
Physiology
The study of body functions
Sub Divisions of Anatomy
E-mbryology
H-istology
G-ross Anatomy
R-adiographic Anatomy
P-athological Anatomy
Embryology
The study of the development of the embryo
Histology
The study of the microscopic structure of tissues. With the naked eye we cannot see our cells
Gross Anatomy
The study of the body structures without using a microscope
Usually observed from dissected materials with the naked eyes
Radiographic Anatomy
The study of the body structures that can be seen with x-rays
Pathological Anatomy
The study of changes in body structures associated with diseases
The primary point is to study abnormality
Subdivisions of Physiology
N-europhysiology
E-ndocrinology
P-athophysiology
I-mmunology
C-ardiovascular Physiology
R-espiratory Physiology
What they all have in common? All are sciences of functions
Neurophysiology
The study of the functions of the nerve cells.
The function of nerves (neurons) is to transmit electricity to other cells
Endocrinology
The study of hormones, hormone-secreting glands, their function and their diseases
Glands purpose = Secrete hormones
Hormones purpose = Regulate metabolic activity of some other organs or tissues of the body.
Immunology
The study of the defensive functions of the body against disease-causing agents
Pathophysiology
Think: Abnormality
The study of the functional changes associated with disease and aging
Abnormal structure = abnormal function
Cardiovascular Physiology
The study of the functions of the heart and blood vessels
Heart, Blood vessels and blood is the cardio system -- the function is the major transporter of substances throughout the body. The blood also carries away the impurities (waste products) to other
Respiratory Physiology
The study of the functions of the air passageways and lungs
Function: exchanging O2, delivering O2 and expelling CO2
Anatomy & Physiology
The structure (anatomy) and function (physiology) are closely related
The specific structure allows specific function
Levels of Structural Organization
A tom
M olecule
C ell
T issue
O rgan
S ystem
O rganism
Atom
The smallest unit of matter that participate in chemical reactions
Some essential atoms for maintaining life:
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Calcium (Ca)
...
Subatomic particles
Proton - positive charge
Neutron - no charge
Molecule
Two or more atoms join together
55-60% of our body mass is water based.
Cell
Formed by combining molecules
The basic structural and functional unit of an organism
Tissue
Group of cells and their surrounding material that work together to do a particular function
4 Basic Types of Tissues
Epithelial Tissue - covers and lines all surfaces / cavities
Connective Tissue -- connecting different tissues
Muscular Tissue -- Movement / Contraction
Nervous Tissue -- Sensation - Touch, Pain, Vibration, etc. Almost everywhere there is nervous tissues.
Organ
Formed by joining two or more types of tissues together
Specific function
Recognizable shape
Stomach = All 4 tissues types exist
System (Organ System)
Consists of related organs that work together
Usually has a recognizable shape
Organism
Any contiguous living system (such as animal, plant, fungus, or micro-organism
Systems of the Human Body
Integumentary system
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Cardiovascular system
Digestive system
Urinary system
Lymphatic system
Integumentary System
Skin, hair, nails, glands
Protects the body by filtering harmful substances
Regulate body temperature
Eliminates wastes
Helps make vitamin D
Detects sensations: touch, pain, warmth, cold
Thermoregulation
Skeletal System
Bones and their associated cartilages
Supports and protects the body
Participates in body movement
Blood cell production. The production of blood cells, occurs in the red marrow found within the cavities of certain bones.
Mineral storage: Bones serve as a
Muscular System
Muscles (more than 600)
Produces body movement
Stabilizes body position - maintains balance & posture
Generates heat through contraction (think exercise)
...
Nervous System
Brain -- where most messages are processed for interpretation, spinal cord, nerves
Detects, interprets and responses to internal (stomach ache) and external changes (temp or pain)
Generate action potential to regulate body activities
Endocrine System
Hormone-producing glands (Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes)
Regulates body activities by releasing hormones
Cardiovascular System
The heart, blood and blood vessels
Transports substances
Regulates temperature (through dilation)
Regulates compositions of body fluid
Defends against disease (WBC)
Dilation or widening of blood vessels allows more blood to get to an area.
The greater the
Digestive System
Organs of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract): mouth, pharynx(throat), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus) and (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
Processes of food
Absorbs nutrients
Eliminates solid wastes
Urinary System
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Produces, stores and eliminates urine
Eliminates wastes
Regulates the chemical composition of blood
Maintains the acid-base balance
Regulates production of RBC
Lymphatic System
Lymphatic fluid, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils
Circulates lymph
Defends the body against the foreign invaders
Respiratory System
Lungs and air passageways (nose, pharynx(throat), larynx(voice box), trachea(windpipe), bronchial tubes)
Exchange gases between air and blood
Regulates acid-base balance
Produces sounds
Reproductive System (Female)
Ovaries, uterus, vagina, fallopian tube, breasts (mammary glands)
Produces and releases egg cells
Ovaries secrets female sex hormones
Uterus houses fetus
Breasts secret milk
Reproductive System (Male)
Testes, penis, prostate, various ducts
Produces, stores , and eliminates sperm
Testes secrets male sex hormones
Basic Life Processes
Distinguish organisms from nonliving things:
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction
Metabolism
The sum of all the chemical reactions occurring in the body
Two types:
Catabolism (breaking down)
Anabolism (building up)
Responsiveness
Body's ability to detect and respond to changes in either the internal or external environment
Movement
The motion of the whole body, organs, single cells, structures inside a cell
Growth
An increase in body size, because of increasing in size of the existing cells, the number of them, or both
Cell Differentiation (Division)
The development of a cell from an immature state to a mature state
The process by which a cell (zygote) divides to form two daughter cells. Upon completion of the process, each daughter cell contains the same genetic material as the original cell.
The mys
Reproduction
The production of new cells or a new individual
Homeostasis
The balance in the internal body's environment
A dynamic condition due to constant interactions of body's regulatory processes
It enables all living organisms to maintain internal stability in spite of a ceaselessly changing and challenging environment.
Feedback Systems
Cycles of events that constantly monitor, evaluate, change the body condition. Feedback systems are required for maintaining internal stability in spite of environmental change.
3 Components of a Feedback System
RECEPTOR: receives signal, monitors changes - send input to a control center
CONTROL CENTER: Evaluates input, produces output order, send output to effector
EFFECTOR: Receives output, produces response
2 Types of Feedback Systems
NEGATIVE: Reverses the change in a controlled condition. Maintaining homeostasis
POSITIVE: Reinforces the change in a controlled condition. Push levels out of normal range
Negative Feedback
Some factor, such as blood pressure, changes. The change is detected by a SENSOR. The sensor sends a message to an integrating CONTROL center which in turn stimulates an EFFECTOR. The effector will do something to alter the factor that changed.
When you a
Blood Pressure Regulation
NEGATIVE: Blood pressure has increased. Receptors in the carotid arteries (blood vessels) detect the change in blood pressure and send a message to the brain. The brain will cause the heart to beat slower and thus decrease the blood pressure. Decreasing h
Labor & Delivery
POSITIVE: Labor and delivery
Cervical stretching
Positive feedback
More cervical stretching
Homeostasis Imbalances
Disruption of normal regulatory processes
Disease: a homeostatic imbalance with recognizable signs and symptoms
Basic Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical position
Regional names
Directional Terms
Planes and Sections
Body Cavities
The Anatomical Position
The assumed position of human body:
Subject stands facing observer
Head and eyes facing forward
Feet are flat on the floor
Upper limbs are at the sides
Palms facing forward
The Anatomical Position
SUPINE position: The body is lying face up
PRONE position: The body is lying face down
The Regional Names
Terms that describe specific regions of the body
Anterior View of Regions of the Body
Front side of the body, also known as ventral
Posterior View of Regions of the Body
Back side of the body, also known as dorsal
Directional Terms
Describe the position of a body part relative to another
Directional Terms
Body Planes & Sections
Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts
Body Planes
Body Sections
A cut of the body or an organ along one plane
Body Cavities
Spaces within the body to help protect, separate and support internal organs
Cranial & Vertebral Cavities
CRANIAL: formed by cranial bones, contains brain
VERTEBRAL (Spinal):
Formed by vertebral bones
Contains spinal cord
Thoracic (Chest) Cavity
THORACIC: thoracic cavity contains the lungs, heart, the lower esophagus, the thymus gland, and other organs of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and lymphatic systems
PLEURAL - Right & Left Lungs
PERICARDIAL - Area surrounding the heart
MEDIASTINUM - Betw
Abdominopelvic Cavity
The body cavity that consists of the ABDOMINAL cavity and the PELVIC cavity.
Thoracic & Abdominal Cavity Membranes
A double layered serous membrane lines the walls of cavities , covers organs within them
Serous fluid lubricates, reduces friction, allows movement
Pleural Cavity Membranes
PARIETAL PLEURA: lines the walls of pleural cavity
VISCERAL PLEURA: covers the external surface of the lungs
PLEURAL CAVITY: between parietal and visceral pleura
Pericardial Cavity Membranes
PARIETAL PERICARDIUM: lines the walls of pericardial cavity
VISCERAL PERICARDIUM: covers the external surface of the heart
PARIETAL CAVITY: between parietal and visceral pericardium
Peritoneal Cavity Membranes
PARIETAL PERITONEUM: lines the wall of the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity
VISCERAL PERITONEUM: covers the external surface of all intraperitoneal (abdominal) organs
PERITONEAL CAVITY: between parietal and visceral peritoneum
9 Abdominopelvic Regions
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Most important mineral
Calcium
Without calcium the muscles cannot contract
Negative Feedback Examples
Blood pressure regulation
Body temperature regulation
Blood glucose regulation
.......Many other examples
Positive Feedback Examples
Blood clotting
Labor & Delivery
Negative Feedback
The usual means of maintaining homeostasis. The body senses an internal change and activates mechanisms that reverse, or negate, that change. Literally, a negative feedback loop is a system that seeks to maintain a constant state. A non-biological example
Positive Feedback
The counterpart to negative feedback is the positive feedback loop, a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that accelerate or increase that change. This can also aid homeostasis, but in many cases it produces the opposite eff
Blood Pressure Regulation
BP Increases
Negative Feedback
BP Decreases
Labor & Delivery
Cervical Stretching
Positive Feedback
More Cervical Stretching
Regulates body temperature
Integumentary system
A-M-C-T-O-S-O
Levels of Structural Organization
What is the Receptor, Control Center and Effector of blood pressure?
Receptors = Baroreceptor
Control Center = Brain
Output = Nerve impulses
Effector = Heart
What is the Receptor, Control Center, Output and Effector of temp regulation?
Receptors = Skin
Control Center = Brain
Effector = Sweat Gland
What is the Receptor, Control Center, Output and Effector in labor & delivery?
Receptors = Cervix nerve cells
Control Center = Brain
Output = Oxytocin
Effector = Walls of uterus (contract)
Symptom
subjective change in body function, not apparent to an observer
Sign
objective change, apparent to clinician
SUPINE
Anatomical Body Position: The body is lying face up
PRONE
Anatomical Body Position: The body is lying face down
Name the serous membranes that COVER the lungs, heart and abdominal organs
Visceral Pleura (Lungs)
Visceral Pericardium (Heart)
Visceral Peritoneum (Intraperitoneal / Abdominal)
What serous membrane lines organs?
Parietal